Table 2 Effect size calculations for significant cognitive outcomes across all interventions
Reference | Outcome | Intervention | Pre-Test Mean | Post-Test Mean | Change in Mean (ΔM) | Pooled SD | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Giordano & Alesi (2022) [38] | Reaction Time (DNST) | PA | −1.56 | 0.75 | −2.32 | 0.996 | −2.33 |
Accuracy (HSKT) | 9.20 | 17.00 | 7.80 | 5.52 | 1.41 | ||
Reaction Time (GW) | 0.61 | 0.75 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.37 | ||
Hudson et al. (2021) [39] | Overall EF | PA | 59.3 | 67.2 | 7.9 | 14.67 | 0.54 |
Inhibitory Control | 57.1 | 69.1 | 12.0 | 22.56 | 0.53 | ||
Numeracy Skills | 94.1 | 96.6 | 2.5 | 17.31 | 0.14 | ||
Jarraya et al. (2019) [40] | Visual Attention (A) | Yoga | 1.41 | 1.31 | −0.10 | 0.061 | −1.27 |
PE | 1.41 | 1.35 | −0.06 | 0.055 | −0.66 | ||
Visual Attention (B) | Yoga | 8.87 | 12.20 | 3.33 | 1.63 | 1.50 | |
PE | 8.93 | 10.53 | 1.60 | 1.17 | 0.54 | ||
Hyperactivity | Yoga | 13.93 | 9.60 | −4.33 | 1.63 | −1.71 | |
PE | 13.67 | 11.27 | −2.40 | 1.44 | −0.66 | ||
Inattention | Yoga | 12.40 | 6.87 | −5.53 | 1.57 | −2.61 | |
PE | 12.73 | 10.27 | −2.46 | 1.28 | −1.25 | ||
Jarraya et al. (2022) [41] | Attention (A) | PRM | 2.9 | 1.6 | −1.3 | 0.73 | −1.78 |
PE | 2.9 | 2.1 | −0.8 | 0.65 | −1.23 | ||
Attention (B) | PRM | 10.3 | 12.4 | 2.1 | 1.85 | 1.14 | |
PE | 10.4 | 10.9 | 0.5 | 1.70 | 0.29 | ||
Visuomotor Precision Time | PRM | 24.9 | 21.4 | −3.5 | 1.80 | −1.94 | |
PE | 24.2 | 23.3 | −0.9 | 1.60 | −0.56 | ||
Error Rates (Visuomotor) | PRM | 11.2 | 8.6 | −2.6 | 1.45 | −1.79 | |
PE | 11.6 | 10.8 | −0.8 | 1.40 | −0.57 | ||
Memorization | PRM | 18.2 | 23.1 | 4.9 | 1.76 | 2.78 | |
PE | 18.4 | 20.3 | 1.9 | 2.30 | 0.83 | ||
Motor Inhibition | PRM | 1.8 | 4.6 | 2.8 | 1.63 | 1.72 | |
PE | 1.6 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 2.00 | 0.75 | ||
Mulvey et al. (2018), USA [43] | Executive Function (HTKS) | SKIP | 12.31 | 19.08 | 6.77 | 10.76 | 0.63 |
Liu et al. (2022) [42] | Inhibition | PA | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.95 |
Shifting | 5.13 | 6.92 | 1.79 | 2.56 | 0.70 | ||
Working Memory | 1.71 | 2.53 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 1.14 | ||
Shen et al. (2020) [44] | Working Memory | PA | 30.97 | 34.53 | 3.56 | 5.04 | 0.71 |
Inhibition Control | 28.80 | 33.33 | 4.53 | 5.18 | 0.87 | ||
Cognitive Flexibility | 1.77 | 3.73 | 1.96 | 2.35 | 0.84 | ||
Alesi et al. (2021) [46] | Linguistic Comprehension | PA | 9.45 | 11.25 | 1.80 | 1.61 | 1.12 |
Oral Expression | 14.22 | 17.37 | 3.15 | 3.13 | 1.00 | ||
Metacognition | 11.39 | 14.15 | 2.76 | 2.34 | 1.18 | ||
Other Cognitive Skills | 30.34 | 36.62 | 6.28 | 5.11 | 1.23 | ||
Bai et al. (2022) [47] | Inhibition Control (Behavioral Performance) | PA | 16.87 | 19.43 | 2.56 | 2.47 | 1.04 |
Working Memory (Behavioral Performance) | 10.43 | 13.47 | 3.04 | 2.07 | 1.47 | ||
Shifting (Behavioral Performance) | 15.47 | 18.10 | 2.63 | 2.13 | 1.24 | ||
Inhibition Control (Reaction Time) | 320.75 | 301.55 | −19.20 | 20.34 | −0.94 | ||
Working Memory (Reaction Time) | 290.45 | 275.62 | −14.83 | 19.49 | −0.76 | ||
Shifting (Reaction Time) | 305.25 | 288.47 | −16.78 | 18.44 | −0.91 | ||
Burkart et al. (2018) [48] | Hyperactivity | PA | 14.53 | 11.95 | −2.58 | 3.07 | −0.84 |
Attention | 15.02 | 13.43 | −1.59 | 3.68 | −0.43 | ||
Mavilidi et al. (2015) [50] | Free Recall | Integrated PA | 0.98 | 2.63 | 1.65 | 1.40 | 1.18 |
Cued Recall | 1.81 | 5.61 | 3.80 | 2.20 | 1.73 | ||
Mavilidi et al. (2017) [51] | Learning Outcomes | Integrated PA | 1.58 | 15.53 | 13.95 | 3.67 | 3.80 |
Mavilidi et al. (2018) [52] | Match Performance | Integrated PA | 27.72 | 39.08 | 11.36 | 12.54 | 0.91 |
Miller et al. (2022), USA [54] | Behavioral Self-Regulation (HTKS) | CHAMP | 20.4 | 33.1 | 12.7 | 7.77 | 1.63 |
Olive et al. (2023) [55] | Inhibition | AEL | 0.61 | 0.72 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.54 |
Piek et al. (2015) [56] | Hyperactivity/Inattention | Animal Fun | 8.34 | 6.12 | −2.22 | 2.17 | −1.02 |
Sanchez-Lopez et al. (2019) [57] | Logical Reasoning | MOVI-KIDS | 25.34 | 36.51 | 11.17 | 8.38 | 1.14 |
Verbal Factor | 22.36 | 27.69 | 5.33 | 4.26 | 1.17 | ||
Numerical Factor | 14.15 | 26.09 | 11.94 | 8.97 | 0.99 | ||
Spatial Factor | 13.72 | 20.13 | 6.41 | 7.28 | 1.09 | ||
General Intelligence | 50.24 | 73.92 | 23.68 | 15.38 | 1.48 | ||
Schmidt et al. (2020) [58] | Updating (Accuracy) | Physical-cognitive condition | 15.41 | 17.49 | 2.08 | 3.12 | 0.67 |
Sedentary-cognitive condition | 14.25 | 17.33 | 3.08 | 3.14 | 0.98 | ||
Veiga et al. (2023) [59] | Self-Regulation (DNST) | OUT to IN | 0.61 | 0.91 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 1.07 |
Self-Regulation (HTKS) | 12.71 | 33.75 | 21.04 | 16.81 | 1.25 |