Table 3 Summary of post hoc analysis of generalized estimated equation analysis
Measurement | Exercise | Control | Exercise—Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean(95% CI) | P value | SMD | Mean(95% CI) | P value | SMD | Adjusted additional change difference (95% CI) | P value | SMD | |
Primary outcomes | |||||||||
 Internalizing problems | |||||||||
  Depression | |||||||||
   T1-T0 | − 1.60 (− 2.73 to − 0.47) | .005 | − 0.41 | 0.53 (− 0.05 to 1.10) | .07 | 0.12 | − 2.13 (− 3.39 to − 0.86) | <.001 | − 0.54 |
   T2-T0 | − 1.48 (− 2.40 to − 0.55) | .002 | − 0.38 | 0.63 (− 0.05 to 1.30) | .07 | 0.15 | − 2.10 (− 3.23 to − 0.97) | <.001 | − 0.54 |
  Anxiety | |||||||||
   T1-T0 | − 2.35 (− 3.33 to − 1.37) |  <.001 | − 0.63 | 0.48 (− 0.19 to 1.14) | .15 | 0.11 | − 2.83 (− 4.00 to − 1.65) | <.001 | − 0.70 |
   T2-T0 | − 1.80 (− 2.76 to − 0.84) |  <.001 | − 0.48 | 0.55 (− 0.26 to 1.36) | .18 | 0.12 | − 2.35 (− 3.60 to − 1.10) | <.001 | − 0.59 |
  Stress | |||||||||
   T1-T0 | − 3.23 (− 4.11 to − 2.34) |  <.001 | − 0.96 | − 0.23 (− 1.07 to 0.62) | .60 | − 0.05 | − 3.00 (− 4.22 to − 1.79) | <.001 | − 0.81 |
   T2-T0 | − 2.58 (− 3.38 to − 1.77) |  <.001 | − 0.77 | − 0.50 (− 1.53 to 0.53) | .33 | − 0.11 | − 2.08 (− 3.37 to − 0.78) | <.001 | − 0.56 |
Secondary outcomes | |||||||||
 Psychological well-being | |||||||||
  Resilience | |||||||||
   T1-T0 | 5.65 (1.51 to 9.79) | .007 | 0.29 | − 2.52 (− 5.74 to 0.69) | .12 | − 0.13 | 8.18 (2.96 to 13.39) | .002 | 0.42 |
   T2-T0 | − 2.97 (− 9.66 to 3.71) | .38 | − 0.15 | − 1.45 (− 6.20 to 3.30) | .55 | − 0.07 | − 1.53 (− 9.68 to 6.30) | .71 | − 0.08 |
 Cognitive function | |||||||||
  Inhibitory control | |||||||||
  Valid RT, ms | |||||||||
   T1-T0 | − 47.32 (− 68.00 to − 26.6) |  <.001 | − 0.85 | 14.1 (− 8.93 to 37.1) | .23 | 0.04 | − 61.39 (− 92.18 to − 30.60) | <.001 | − 0.27 |
   T2-T0 | − 41.95 (− 62.22 to − 22.00) |  <.001 | − 0.75 | 17.4 (− 18.18 to 52.9) | .33 | 0.05 | − 59.32 (− 99.89 to − 18.74) | .004 | − 0.26 |
  Invalid RT, ms | |||||||||
   T1-T0 | − 47.3 (− 68.4 to − 26.19) |  <.001 | − 0.56 | 17.2 (− 5.64 to 40.0) | .14 | 0.05 | − 64.50 (− 95.45 to − 33.55) | <.001 | − 0.29 |
   T2-T0 | − 33.5 (− 70.3 to 3.19) | .07 | − 0.40 | 10.1 (− 32.00 to 52.1) | .64 | 0.03 | − 43.59 (− 99.15 to 11.96) | .12 | − 0.20 |
  Neutral RT, ms | |||||||||
   T1-T0 | − 51.8 (− 79.4 to − 27.2) |  <.001 | − 0.71 | 14.3 (− 21.01 to 49.7) | .42 | 0.04 | − 66.09 (− 109.00 to − 23.18) | .002 | − 0.27 |
   T2-T0 | − 58.8 (− 82.2 to − 35.5) |  <.001 | − 0.80 | 23.9 (− 7.01 to 54.9) | .13 | 0.06 | − 82.77 (− 121.36 to 44.18) | <.001 | − 0.33 |