Table 2 Summary of generalized estimated equation analysis

Primary outcomes

 Internalizing problems

  Depression

   T0

5.95 (4.93)

5.55 (4.73)

< .001

.43

.28

   T1

4.35 (2.67)

6.08 (4.17)

   T2

4.47 (3.76)

6.18 (4.13)

  Anxiety

   T0

5.70 (4.66)

5.18 (4.84)

< .001

.39

.02

   T1

3.35 (2.95)

5.65 (4.37)

   T2

3.90 (3.43)

5.72 (4.30)

  Stress

   T0

6.60 (3.92)

6.40 (4.62)

< .001

.23

< .001

   T1

3.38 (2.79)

6.18 (4.34)

   T2

4.03 (3.34)

5.90 (4.69)

 Externalizing problems

  Aggression

   T0

25.68 (12.47)

27.05 (10.34)

.43

.30

.19

   T1

22.12 (9.76)

26.15 (10.95)

   T2

23.95 (9.49)

24.85 (10.97)

Secondary outcomes

 Psychological well-being

  Resilience

   T0

50.85 (24.37)

46.42 (20.27)

.001

.24

.12

   T1

56.50 (16.94)

43.90 (17.75)

   T2

47.88 (17.65)

44.98 (20.78)

 Cognitive function

  Inhibitory control

  Valid RT, ms

   T0

447.01 (63.60)

488.29 (339.83)

< .001

.19

.14

   T1

399.69 (51.29)

502.35 (352.71)

   T2

405.06 (53.39)

505.65 (358.80)

  Valid ACC, %

   T0

0.97 (0.06)

0.98 (0.06)

.15

.76

.02

   T1

0.98 (0.07)

0.94 (0.15)

   T2

0.94 (0.13)

0.95 (0.11)

  Invalid RT, ms

   T0

475.21 (93.93)

510.08 (320.72)

< .001

.25

.21

   T1

427.91 (66.85)

527.27 (343.62)

   T2

441.68 (92.44)

520.14 (0.10)

  Invalid ACC, %

   T0

0.97 (0.09)

0.98 (0.08)

.92

.71

.07

   T1

0.93 (0.19)

0.95 (0.11)

   T2

0.94 (0.13)

0.94 (0.10)

  Neutral RT, ms

   T0

478.56 (94.17)

526.82 (395.38)

< .001

.14

.17

   T1

426.79 (67.57)

541.13 (325.26)

   T2

419.73 (53.92)

550.76 (390.45)

  Neutral ACC, %

   T0

0.97 (0.11)

0.99 (0.03)

.83

.40

.06

   T1

0.94 (0.16)

0.94 (0.16)

   T2

0.96 (0.12)

0.97 (0.05)