Table 5 Distribution of reported food groups in studies across different periods
From: Shifts in food consumption patterns in the Levant: a systematic review of the last six decades
Periods |  | 1960—1989 |  | 1990—1999 |  | 2000—2009 |  | 2010—2019 |  | 2020—2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Groups | Ratio | Total Studies: 3 | Ratio | Total studies: 3 | Ratio | Total studies: 4 | Ratio | Total studies: 14 | Ratio | Total studies: 5 |
Cereals and their products | 1.00 | . Cereals . High extraction wheat bread | 1.00 | . Whole grains . Refined grains (rice, pasta, bulgur, bread) | 1.00 | . Whole grains . Refined grains (rice, pasta, bulgur, bread, ready-to-eat cereals) | 1.00 | . Whole grains . Refined grains (rice, pasta, bulgur, bread, ready-to-eat cereals) | 1.00 | . Whole grains . Refined grains (rice, pasta, bulgur, bread, ready-to-eat cereals) |
Roots, tubers, plantains | 1.00 | Starchy vegetables | 1.00 | Starchy vegetables | 1.00 | Starchy vegetables (potato) | 0.50 | Starchy vegetables (potato, corn, parsnips, pumpkin, squash) | 0.20 | Â |
Pulses, seeds and nuts | 1.00 | . Pulses: lentils, chickpeas (hummus), beans and falafel . Nuts . Seeds | 1.00 | . Legumes . Nuts . Seeds | 1.00 | . Legumes (lentils, hommos, falafel and fava beans) . Nuts . Seeds | 1.00 | . Legumes (hummus, falafel, broad beans, peas) . Nuts . Seeds (roasted unsalted and raw nuts and seeds) | 0.80 | . Legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas) . Nuts |
Meat, Poultry, Fish, Eggs | 1.00 | . Meat (Specially mutton) . Poultry . Fish . Eggs | 1.00 | . Meat and meat organs . Poultry and poultry organs . Fish . Eggs | 1.00 | . Meat (beef mostly consumed compared to lamb) . Poultry . Fish . Eggs | 1.00 | . Meat (specially beef) and organ meats . Poultry . Fish . Eggs | 1.00 | . Meat (beef, veal, pork, lamb, mutton, horse, and goat) . Poultry . Fish . Eggs |
Milk and milk products | 1.00 | . Milk . Dairy products (powdered milk, labneh, yogurt, cheese) . Breast Milk . Infant formula | 1.00 | . Milk . Dairy products (powdered milk, labneh, yogurt, cheese) . Sweetened products (frozen yogurt, fruit yogurt, puddings) . Breast Milk . Infant formula | 1.00 | High and low-fat dairy: . Milk . Dairy products (powdered milk, labneh, yogurt, yellow and white cheese) . Sweetened products (frozen yogurt, fruit yogurt, puddings, milkshake) . Breast Milk . Infant formula | 0.86 | High and low-fat dairy: . Milk . Dairy products (powdered milk, labneh, yogurt, cheese) . Sweetened products (sweetened milk, whipped cream) . Breast Milk . Infant formula | 1.00 | . Milk . Dairy products (yogurt, cheese, creamy cheese) |
Vegetables | 1.00 | Fresh, dried, pickled vegetables (tomato, cucumber, turnip, carrots, green, leafy wild plants) | 1.00 | Vegetables and their products | 1.00 | Vegetables and their products | 1.00 | Vegetables and their products | 1.00 | Vegetables and their products |
Fruits | 1.00 | Seasonal fruits (citrus fruits) | 1.00 | . Whole fruits . Fresh fruits . Dried fruits | 1.00 | . Whole fruits . Fresh fruits . Dried fruits | 1.00 | . Whole fruits . Fresh fruits . Dried fruits | 1.00 | Fruits and their products |
Sweets and Beverages | 0.67 | . Added sugars and jams . Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea) | 1.00 | . Added sugars, jams, honey, molasses . Traditional sweets . Sweets (pastries, candies, biscuits, cakes, ice cream) . Sweetened juices, regular soft drinks . Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea) . Alcoholic Beverages | 1.00 | . Added sugars, jams, honey, molasses . Traditional sweets (kunafeh) . Sweets (pastries, candies, biscuits, cakes, ice cream, chocolates, jelly, cookies) . Sweetened juices, regular soft drinks . Carbonated beverages . Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea) . Alcoholic Beverages | 0.79 | . Added sugars, jams, honey, molasses . Traditional sweets . Sweets (pastries, candies, biscuits, cakes, ice cream, chocolates, jelly, cookies, donuts, muffin, croissant, popsicle, cereal and nutrition bars) . Sweetened juices (bottled fruit juices, canned fruit juices, lemonade, fruits canned in heavy syrup) . Carbonated beverages . Energy drinks . Unsweetened beverages (diet sodas and any beverages made with non-nutritive sweeteners . Hot beverages (coffee, tea, Nescafe, hot chocolate) . Alcoholic beverages | 0.20 | . Traditional sweets . Sweets (ice cream, cake, chocolate) . Canned juice . Carbonated beverages . Hot beverages (coffee, tea) |
Condiment | 0.00 | Â | 0.33 | . Mayonnaise . Salad dressings | 0.25 | . Mayonnaise . Salad dressings | 0.43 | Condiments (mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard) . Chicken/meat stock . Ground thyme | 0.00 | Â |
Fats and oils | 1.00 | . Fried mutton . Unsaturated fats (olive oil, tahini)) | 1.00 | Fats and oils (Olive oil, olives, avocado, sesame butter, all kinds of oils, animal-based fat) | 0.75 | Fats and oils (butter, sesame paste, olive oil and ghee) | 0.79 | . Saturated oils: butter . Vegetables oil: olive, corn, sunflower, soy . Ghee . Tahini . Peanut butter | 0.20 | Fats |
Traditional composite dishes | 1.00 | Traditional Middle Eastern foods . Majaddarah (lentils and rice) . Kishk (yogurt and wheat) . Hummos (chickpeas and tahini paste) | 0.33 | . Rice-based dishes . Legume-based dishes . Potato-based dishes . Vegetable-based traditional dishes . Dairy products and yoghurt-based dishes | 0.50 | . Potato-based dishes . Vegetable-based dishes . Macaroni and cheese | 0.29 | . Vegetables and vegetable-based dished . Lebanese mixed dishes . Meat and poultry-based traditional dishes . Legume-based traditional dishes . Rice and rice-based dishes . Pasta-based dishes . Macaroni and cheese . Spaghetti lasagna | 0.00 | Â |
Fast food | 0.00 | Â | 0.33 | Fast food (ready to eat sandwiches, burgers, pizzas, pies, pastries) | 0.50 | fast foods Fast food (ready to eat sandwiches, burgers, pizzas, pies, pastries, shawarma, falafel sandwiches) | 0.64 | fast foods Fast food (ready to eat sandwiches, burgers, pizzas, pies, pastries, shawarma, falafel sandwiches) | 0.20 | Pastries and pizza |
Savory snacks | 0.00 | Â | 1.00 | . Chips and salty crackers (Chips, pretzels, popcorn) | 0.50 | . Chips and salty crackers (Chips, pretzels, popcorn) . Fried potato | 0.71 | . High fat, high salty snacks (crackers, potato chips, pretzels, popcorn) . Fried potatoes | 0.20 | Chips and salty crackers (Chips, pretzels, popcorn) . Fried potato |
Processed meats | 0.00 | Â | 0.33 | Processed meat | 0.50 | Processed and canned meat | 0.36 | . Processed meats (luncheon meats, hotdog, sausages) . Canned meats | 0.20 | Processed meats |
Miscellan-eous | 0.67 | Â | 0.33 | Pickles, soups, broth | 0.25 | Pickles, soups, broth | 0.07 | Pickled turnips | 0.00 | Â |