Fig. 2

Visualization of the growth curve model and of the structural model. Visualization of the measurement model (i.e., growth curve model) of the development of self-regulation subscales over time (here action planning is used as an example) and of the structural model testing direct, indirect, and bidirectional associations with MVPA over time. Solid arrows = Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Short, dotted arrows = growth curve analysis. Long dotted arrows = correlation and regression analyses, including direct, indirect, and bidirectional effects. AP = action planning. MVPA = moderate to vigorous physical activity, Y = year