Table 3 Overall and site-specific perceived neighbourhood environment attributes
High-income countries | Low-middle-income countries | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All sites | Australia Melb | Belgium Ghent | Czech Rep HK | Czech Rep Olomouc | Denmark Odense | China Hong Kong | Israel Haifa | Portugal Various cities | Spain Valencia | USA Baltimore | USA Seattle | Bangladesh Dhaka | Brazil Curitiba | India Chennai | Malaysia KL | Nigeria Gombe | |
N | 6302 | 438 | 291 | 155 | 183 | 210 | 1295 | 232 | 184 | 465 | 485 | 443 | 92 | 493 | 316 | 752 | 268 |
Walking distance to school | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 3.52 | 3.89 | 4.17 | 3.11 | 2.85 | 2.83 | 3.58 | 3.48 | 3.64 | 2.50 | 4.13 | 4.13 | 2.96 | 3.35 | 3.91 | 2.83 | 3.80 |
(SD) | (1.36) | (1.28) | (1.23) | (1.33) | (1.40) | (1.23) | (1.35) | (1.21) | (1.30) | (1.14) | (1.17) | (1.15) | (1.13) | (1.37) | (1.32) | (1.29) | (1.06) |
% 1–5 min | 8.47 | 6.85 | 5.15 | 9.68 | 14.21 | 13.81 | 7.95 | 7.33 | 5.98 | 21.29 | 4.12 | 3.61 | 10.87 | 11.16 | 4.75 | 8.78 | 2.61 |
% 6–10 min | 14.30 | 8.22 | 5.84 | 14.84 | 23.50 | 25.71 | 16.68 | 11.21 | 14.67 | 30.75 | 6.19 | 6.77 | 21.74 | 18.26 | 14.56 | 11.04 | 6.34 |
% 11–20 min | 22.01 | 18.04 | 11.00 | 19.35 | 14.75 | 30.95 | 23.09 | 34.48 | 26.09 | 32.04 | 17.11 | 15.58 | 38.04 | 25.56 | 19.30 | 15.69 | 32.09 |
% 21–30 min | 13.09 | 17.58 | 12.03 | 12.26 | 8.74 | 10.95 | 14.21 | 19.40 | 12.50 | 8.60 | 14.43 | 16.93 | 17.39 | 14.40 | 8.23 | 5.05 | 25.00 |
% 31+ min | 32.59 | 44.75 | 52.92 | 14.84 | 15.85 | 13.33 | 37.92 | 27.16 | 38.59 | 7.31 | 54.23 | 51.92 | 10.87 | 30.43 | 53.16 | 7.58 | 32.46 |
% missing | 9.54 | 4.57 | 13.06 | 29.03 | 22.95 | 5.24 | 0.15 | 0.43 | 2.17 | 0 | 3.92 | 5.19 | 1.09 | 0.20 | 0 | 51.86 | 1.49 |
Residential density | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 213.5 | 48.86 | 71.59 | 155.80 | 111.80 | 106.10 | 468.40 | 216.80 | 121.55 | 251.10 | 38.67 | 23.83 | 177.30 | 96.30 | 65.64 | 292.0 | 271.50 |
(SD) | (221) | (103.77) | (109.0) | (114.6) | (98.39) | (109.96) | (203.2) | (148.5) | (93.97) | (134.67) | (57.90) | (33.73) | (82.87) | (126.68) | (77.79) | (230.36) | (159.36) |
% missing | 14.77 | 42.69 | 0.69 | 34.19 | 49.73 | 0 | 0 | 0.43 | 27.17 | 0 | 15.05 | 8.80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 56.52 | 3.73 |
LUM diversity (excluding transit stops) | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 3.22 | 3.03 | 3.39 | 3.28 | 3.10 | 2.99 | 3.43 | 3.01 | 3.49 | 4.19 | 2.72 | 2.73 | 3.40 | 2.97 | 3.38 | 2.73 | 3.37 |
(SD) | (0.89) | (0.84) | (0.83) | (0.86) | (0.87) | (0.94) | (0.81) | (0.86) | (0.78) | (0.53) | (0.90) | (0.88) | (0.65) | (0.69) | (0.69) | (0.78) | (0.79) |
% missing | 12.55 | 42.69 | 1.03 | 34.19 | 49.73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.17 | 0 | 0.41 | 0 | 1.09 | 0 | 0 | 52.53 | 3.36 |
Recreation facilities (excluding parks) | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 2.70 | 2.79 | 2.69 | 3.00 | 2.86 | 3.69 | 2.82 | 2.43 | 2.60 | 2.92 | 2.87 | 2.91 | 2.00 | 2.38 | 1.76 | 2.35 | 2.77 |
(SD) | (0.90) | (0.85) | (0.89) | (0.85) | (0.90) | (0.72) | (0.86) | (0.81) | (0.92) | (0.78) | (0.91) | (0.84) | (0.73) | (0.75) | (0.57) | (0.94) | (0.52) |
% missing | 12.57 | 42.69 | 1.72 | 34.19 | 49.73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.17 | 0 | 0.41 | 0 | 1.09 | 0 | 0 | 52.39 | 3.36 |
Accessibility and walking facilities | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 2.99 | 3.25 | 2.98 | 3.24 | 3.09 | 3.08 | 2.99 | 3.10 | 2.97 | 3.58 | 2.97 | 2.82 | 2.83 | 2.88 | 2.59 | 2.77 | 2.74 |
(SD) | (0.58) | (0.48) | (0.58) | (0.45) | (0.51) | (0.46) | (0.50) | (0.51) | (0.38) | (0.42) | (0.57) | (0.65) | (0.57) | (0.64) | (0.59) | (0.44) | (0.65) |
% missing | 12.57 | 43.84 | 1.37 | 34.84 | 50.27 | 0 | 0 | 0.43 | 26.63 | 0 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51.86 | 3.36 |
Aesthetics | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 2.52 | 2.96 | 2.27 | 2.27 | 2.22 | 2.66 | 2.47 | 2.55 | 2.38 | 2.25 | 3.04 | 3.12 | 1.81 | 2.38 | 1.52 | 2.53 | 2.91 |
(SD) | (0.83) | (0.76) | (0.69) | (0.59) | (0.66) | (0.76) | (0.68) | (0.82) | (0.54) | (0.74) | (0.71) | (0.66) | (0.79) | (0.87) | (0.82) | (0.64) | (0.85) |
% missing | 12.65 | 43.84 | 2.06 | 34.84 | 50.27 | 0 | 0 | 0.43 | 27.17 | 0 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52.13 | 3.36 |
Traffic safety | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 2.61 | 2.89 | 2.51 | 2.89 | 2.80 | 2.94 | 2.82 | 2.36 | 2.78 | 2.61 | 2.51 | 2.66 | 2.37 | 2.17 | 2.27 | 2.37 | 2.95 |
(SD) | (0.67) | (0.61) | (0.59) | (0.55) | (0.58) | (0.71) | (0.50) | (0.70) | (0.46) | (0.72) | (0.59) | (0.57) | (0.60) | (0.77) | (0.68) | (0.53) | (0.88) |
% missing | 12.55 | 43.84 | 2.75 | 34.19 | 49.73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24.46 | 0 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51.99 | 3.73 |
Pedestrian infrastructure & safety | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 2.85 | 2.81 | 2.68 | 3.03 | 2.93 | 2.90 | 2.95 | 2.90 | 2.89 | 3.03 | 2.80 | 2.87 | 2.46 | 2.55 | 2.92 | 2.70 | 2.96 |
(SD) | (0.66) | (0.55) | (0.58) | (0.61) | (0.50) | (0.70) | (0.56) | (0.74) | (0.50) | (0.62) | (0.66) | (0.64) | (0.59) | (0.79) | (0.80) | (0.58) | (0.83) |
% missing | 12.57 | 43.84 | 2.75 | 34.19 | 49.73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24.46 | 0 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51.99 | 3.73 |
Safety from crime | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 2.81 | 3.14 | 3.10 | 2.88 | 2.80 | 3.67 | 2.69 | 3.25 | 2.98 | 3.25 | 2.95 | 3.07 | 1.97 | 2.04 | 3.03 | 2.05 | 2.72 |
(SD) | (0.93) | (0.78) | (0.76) | (0.73) | (0.72) | (0.59) | (0.87) | (0.86) | (0.55) | (0.79) | (0.72) | (0.73) | (0.86) | (0.84) | (1.10) | (0.71) | (1.15) |
% missing | 12.60 | 43.84 | 2.06 | 34.84 | 49.73 | 0 | 0 | 0.86 | 25.54 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51.86 | 3.36 |
Transit stop proximity | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 4.11 | 4.53 | 4.64 | 4.33 | 4.25 | 4.61 | 3.91 | 4.50 | 4.56 | 4.77 | 3.63 | 4.03 | 2.15 | 4.74 | 3.79 | 3.19 | 4.03 |
(SD) | (1.16) | (0.76) | (0.76) | (1.11) | (1.01) | (0.72) | (1.08) | (0.88) | (0.77) | (0.57) | (1.44) | (1.22) | (1.25) | (0.62) | (1.11) | (1.38) | (1.02) |
% missing | 12.92 | 43.15 | 5.15 | 34.19 | 49.73 | 0 | 0 | 0.86 | 27.72 | 0 | 0.41 | 0 | 3.26 | 0 | 0.32 | 52.53 | 4.48 |
Park proximity | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 3.01 | 3.84 | 3.11 | 3.02 | 2.34 | 3.34 | 3.35 | 3.17 | 2.91 | 4.02 | 2.91 | 3.14 | 1.84 | 2.68 | 2.18 | 2.54 | 1.0a |
(SD) | (1.25) | (0.96) | (1.28) | (1.12) | (1.20) | (1.27) | (1.07) | (1.18) | (0.97) | (0.83) | (1.21) | (1.15) | (0.93) | (0.97) | (1.07) | (1.14) | (0) |
% missing | 13.20 | 42.69 | 2.06 | 34.19 | 50.82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.17 | 0 | 0.41 | 0 | 3.26 | 0 | 0 | 57.05 | 3.36 |
Trees | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 2.96 | 3.61 | 2.54 | 2.81 | 2.58 | 2.49 | 3.19 | 3.20 | 2.62 | 3.07 | 3.34 | 3.11 | 1.99 | 3.25 | 2.06 | 2.99 | 1.84 |
(SD) | (1.00) | (0.61) | (0.94) | (0.82) | (0.79) | (1.07) | (0.76) | (0.87) | (0.76) | (0.97) | (0.79) | (0.90) | (1.21) | (0.95) | (1.27) | (0.74) | (1.18) |
% missing | 12.73 | 43.84 | 3.44 | 34.84 | 50.82 | 0 | 0 | 0.86 | 26.63 | 0 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52.13 | 3.36 |
Buffers between street and footpath | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 2.32 | 3.22 | 1.62 | 2.71 | 2.73 | 2.10 | 2.81 | 1.60 | 2.17 | 1.65 | 2.74 | 2.32 | 1.47 | 2.53 | 1.60 | 2.62 | 1.17 |
(SD) | (1.10) | (0.93) | (0.76) | (0.90) | (0.79) | (1.12) | (0.87) | (0.97) | (0.71) | (0.91) | (1.08) | (1.12) | (0.85) | (1.15) | (1.11) | (0.84) | (0.59) |
% missing | 12.77 | 44.29 | 2.41 | 34.84 | 50.27 | 0 | 0 | 0.86 | 26.63 | 0 | 0.21 | 0 | 1.09 | 0 | 0 | 52.13 | 4.85 |
Parking difficult | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | 2.33 | 2.18 | 2.22 | 2.11 | 1.90 | 1.40 | 2.36 | 2.89 | 2.33 | 3.17 | 1.76 | 1.68 | 3.39 | 2.63 | 2.12 | 2.82 | 2.15 |
(SD) | (1.09) | (0.98) | (1.01) | (0.77) | (0.86) | (0.80) | (0.89) | (1.02) | (0.72) | (1.00) | (0.87) | (0.86) | (0.93) | (1.25) | (1.35) | (0.83) | (1.25) |
% missing | 12.87 | 43.84 | 3.09 | 34.84 | 51.91 | 0 | 0 | 2.16 | 26.63 | 0 | 0.21 | 0 | 1.09 | 0.20 | 0.63 | 52.26 | 3.36 |