Table 1 Study characteristics for natural experiments with controlled per-post designs that Met inclusion criteria
Study | Country | Intervention/ control (n) | Trail Type | Population (age-yrs) | Method to measure outcome | Trail Distance (kms) | Buffer Distance | Follow- up Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies that assessed Physical Activity | ||||||||
Aldred et al. 2019 | UK | 750/962 | MUP | Adults | IPAQ | 11.27 | 500 m | 12 mos |
Aldred et al. 2021 | UK | 750/962 | MUP | Adults | IPAQ | 11.27 | 2 km | 5 yrs |
Crane et al. 2017 | Australia | 448/398 | PBL | Adults | Survey | 2.4 | 3 km | 2 yrs |
Frank et al. 2019 | Canada | 239/285 | MUP | 46.2 | Survey | 2 | 1 km | 2 yrs |
He et al. 2021 | China | 960/280 | MUP | 49.4 | Survey | 102 | 5 km | 3 yrs |
He et al. 2022 | China | 766/254 | MUP | 50.1 | Survey | 102 | 5 km | 3 yrs |
Hunter 2021 | Ireland | 2005/414 | MUP | 50.3 | GPAQ | 30 | 1.6 km | 6 yrs |
Pazin et al. 2016 | Brazil | 380/329 | MUP | Adults | Survey | 2.3 | 1.5 km | 3 yrs |
Stappers et al. 2021 | Netherlands | 442/400 | MUP | 57.8 | Accelerometer | 2.3 | N/A | 12 mos |
West et al. 2011 | USA | 95/74 | MUP | Adults | Survey | 8 | 1.6 km | 12 mos |
West et al. 2015 | USA | 118/85 | MUP | Adults | Survey | 3.01 | 1.6 km | 2 yrs |
Studies that assessed Active Transportation | ||||||||
Aldred et al. 2021 | UK | 750/962 | MUP | Adults | Survey | 11.27 | 500 m | 12 mos |
Keall et al. 2015 | New Zealand | 556/234 | MUP/PBL | N/A | Survey | N/A | N/A | 12 mos |
Frank et al. 2021 | Canada | 239/285 | MUP | 46.2 | Survey | 2 | 300 m | 2 yrs |
Brown et al. 2016 | USA | 536/910 | “High-Comfort” | 41.7 | Survey | N/A | 400 m | 12 mos |
Goodman et al. 2013 | UK | 2,751,198/2,178,498 | MUP/PBL | N/A | Census | N/A | 1.6 km | 10 yrs |
Patterson et al. 2023 | UK | 6373/19,374 | PBL | Adults | Census | 360 | N/A | 10 yrs |
Studies that assessed Cycling Traffic | ||||||||
Auchincloss et al. 2019 | USA | 21,488/18,746 | MUP | N/A | Automated Counts | 2.5 | 7.5 km | 3 yrs |
Fitzhugh et al. 2010 | USA | N/A | MUP | 30.0 | Manual Counts | 4.64 | N/A | 2 yrs |
Garber et al. 2022 | USA | N/A | MUP/PBL | 36.0 | Eco-Counter | 22.41 | 1.6 km | 2 yrs |
Hans et al. 2017 | Denmark | 50,954 | MUP | N/A | Eco-Counter | 18 | N/A | 2 yrs |
Heesch et al. 2016 | Australia | 169/132 | MUP/PBL | N/A | Manual Counts | 17 | N/A | 4 yrs |
Nguyen et al. 2015 | Singapore | N/A | MUP | N/A | Manual Counts | 11.3 | N/A | 2 yrs |
Rissel et al. 2015 | Australia | 240/272 | MUP | Adults | Manual Counts | 2.4 | 2.5 km | 12 mos |
Xiao et al. 2022 | France | N/A | MUP | N/A | Eco-Counter | 16 | 2 km | 6 yrs |