Table 1 Coercive and indulgent feeding practice (outcome variables)

Coercive FPs

 PFP1: Encourage child to eat more food than they wanted to (pressure to eat).

 PFP2: Offer child food as a reward for eating more (threats & bribes).

 PFP3: Have to make sure your child did not eat too much food (restriction).

 PFP4: Offer child a treat or reward for trying a new food (threats & bribes)

 PFP5: Trick or bribe child into eating more than they wanted to (threats & bribes).

Indulgent FPs

 PFP6: Prepare separate food that you knew child would enjoy (anticipatory catering).

 PFP7: Allow child to choose a separate meal or different food because they did not want to eat what was offered (unstructured practices)

 PFP8: Give child food to calm them down or help manage their behaviour (using food to control negative emotions).