Table 1 Treatment nodes included in the network meta-analysis
Nodes | Definition |
|---|---|
PA Intervention | |
 Aerobic Exercise (AE) | Activities aiming to enhance cardiovascular fitness, including brisk walking, running, and cycling |
 Exergaming | Exergaming is a form of entertainment that combines physical activity and video gaming, involving body movements during console play [46], such as Nintendo Wii and Xbox Kinect |
 Mind-body Exercise (MBE) | Exercise that is characterized by controlled physical movements, full body stretching, breathing technique, and a meditation component, such as Yoga, Qigong, Tai Chi, and body-oriented or movement-based mind–body intervention [47, 48] |
 Multi-component Physical Activity (MPA) | A combination of more than one type of physical activity, such as racket sports which combines AE and coordinative physical activities |
Comparator | |
 Relaxation Techniques (RT) | Techniques aim to produce the body’s natural relaxation response, characterized by slower breathing, lower blood pressure, and a feeling of increased well-being, such as guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation, and breathing techniques [49] |
 Neurofeedback (NF) | A non-invasive electroencephalograph (brainwave) biofeedback that increases brainwave activity for the purpose of encouraging brain to change and adapt neuroplasticity [50] |
 Usual Care (UC) | Including no treatment, waiting-list control, or interventions that could not be classified into the other treatment nodes (e.g., educational activities) |