Socioecological correlates of parental lifestyle patterns during the antenatal period

Lecorguillé, M.; Schipper, M. C.; Aubert, A. M.; Douglass, A.; Tafflet, M.; Vrijheid, M.; Kelleher, C.; Phillips, C. M.; Gaillard, R.; Heude, Barbara; Lioret, Sandrine

doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01697-1

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 3 Imputed hierarchical multivariable linear regression analyses with parental lifestyle patterns. Generation R study. (N = 8765)

From: Socioecological correlates of parental lifestyle patterns during the antenatal period

Parental lifestyle pattern 1: high parental smoking, poor-quality maternal diet
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value
Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics
Maternal education level
High	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Medium	0.44 (0.37, 0.51)	< .001	0.43 (0.36, 0.51)	< .001	0.43 (0.36, 0.50)	< .001
Low	0.47 (0.35, 0.58)	< .001	0.45 (0.34, 0.57)	< .001	0.45 (0.34, 0.57)	< .001
Paternal education
High	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Medium	0.37 (0.30, 0.45)	< .001	0.37 (0.30, 0.45)	< .001	0.37 (0.30, 0.45)	< .001
Low	0.63 (0.49, 0.76)	< .001	0.62 (0.49, 0.76)	< .001	0.62 (0.48, 0.76)	< .001
Maternal employment
Employed/self-employed	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
No employed	0.16 (0.08, 0.24)	< .001	0.16 (0.08, 0.24)	< .001	0.15 (0.07, 0.23)	< .001
Paternal employment
Employed/self-employed	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Not employed	-0.05 (-0.21, 0.11)	0.53	-0.06 (-0.21, 0.10)	0.49	-0.06 (-0.21, 0.10)	0.48
Parity
Primiparous	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Multiparous	0.14 (0.08, 0.20)	< .001	0.15 (0.09, 0.21)	< .001	0.15 (0.09, 0.21)	< .001
Household income
4th quartile (highest) > 2200	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
3rd quartile (1200–2200)	0.16 (0.09, 0.24)	< .001	0.15 (0.08, 0.23)	< .001	0.15 (0.08, 0.23)	< .001
2nd quartile < = 1200	0.19 (0.08, 0.30)	0.001	0.18 (0.07, 0.30)	0.0015	0.17 (0.06, 0.29)	0.003
1st quartile
Parents live together
Yes	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
No	0.24 (0.15, 0.33)	< .001	0.24 (0.14, 0.33)	< .001	0.23 (0.14, 0.32)	< .001
Maternal age	-0.01 (-0.02, -0.01)	< .001	-0.01 (-0.02, -0.01)	< .001	-0.01 (-0.02, -0.01)	< .001
Paternal age	-0.01 (-0.02, -0.01)	< .001	-0.01 (-0.02, 0.00)	< .001	-0.01 (-0.02, 0.00)	< .001
Mother born abroad
No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Yes	-0.32 (-0.39, -0.25)	< .001	-0.33 (-0.40, -0.26)	< .001	-0.33 (-0.41, -0.26)	< .001
Father born abroad
No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Yes	-0.17 (-0.24, -0.09)	< .001	-0.18 (-0.26, -0.10)	< .001	-0.19 (-0.27, -0.11)	< .001
Population density			0.01 (-0.02, 0.04)	0.38	0.01 (-0.02, 0.04)	0.37
Access to green space			0.00 (-0.03, 0.03)	0.96	0.00 (-0.03, 0.03)	0.96
Road and rail traffic			-0.01 (-0.04, 0.02)	0.49	-0.01 (-0.04, 0.02)	0.48
Street connectivity density			0.00 (-0.04, 0.04)	0.89	0.00 (-0.04, 0.04)	0.91
Food facility density
Slightly unhealthy environment			ref	ref	ref	ref
Highly unhealthy environment			0.00 (-0.10, 0.09)	0.93	-0.01 (-0.10, 0.09)	0.91
Facility richness			0.01 (-0.03, 0.05)	0.65	0.01 (-0.03, 0.05)	0.63
Urban environment
Area-level socioeconomic indicator during pregnancy
Low level of deprivation			ref	ref	ref	ref
Medium-low level of deprivation			-0.08 (-0.22, 0.07)	0.32	-0.07 (-0.22, 0.07)	0.33
Medium level of deprivation			0.00 (-0.14, 0.13)	0.96	0.00 (-0.14, 0.13)	0.97
Medium-high level of deprivation			0.00 (-0.15, 0.15)	0.99	0.00 (-0.15, 0.15)	1
High level of deprivation			0.06 (-0.07, 0.18)	0.39	0.06 (-0.07, 0.18)	0.39
Psychosocial factors
Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy
No					ref	ref
Yes					0.13 (0.02, 0.24)	0.02
Parental lifestyle pattern 2: low parental BMI and high GWG
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	β(95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value
Maternal education level
High	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Medium	-0.20 (-0.27, -0.14)	< .001	-0.19 (-0.26, -0.13)	< .001	-0.19 (-0.26, -0.13)	< .001
Low	-0.23 (-0.33, -0.13)	< .001	-0.23 (-0.33, -0.13)	< .001	-0.23 (-0.33, -0.13)	< .001
Paternal education
High	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Medium	-0.07 (-0.14, -0.01)	0.03	-0.06 (-0.13, 0.00)	0.06	-0.06 (-0.13, 0.00)	0.05
Low	-0.08 (-0.18, 0.03)	0.17	-0.07 (-0.18, 0.04)	0.22	-0.07 (-0.18, 0.04)	0.2
Maternal employment
Employed/self-employed	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
No employed	-0.01 (-0.08, 0.07)	0.87	-0.01 (-0.08, 0.06)	0.78	-0.01 (-0.09, 0.06)	0.71
Paternal employment
Employed/self-employed	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Not employed	-0.11 (-0.21, -0.01)	0.03	-0.11 (-0.21, -0.02)	0.03	-0.11 (-0.21, -0.02)	0.025
Parity
Primiparous	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Multiparous	-0.28 (-0.33, -0.23)	< .001	-0.26 (-0.32, -0.21)	< .001	-0.26 (-0.32, -0.21)	< .001
Household income
4th quartile (highest) > 2,200	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
3rd quartile (1,200-2,200)	0.02 (-0.05, 0.09)	0.67	0.01 (-0.06, 0.08)	0.77	0.01 (-0.06, 0.08)	0.79
2nd quartile < = 1,200	0.03 (-0.07, 0.13)	0.52	0.03 (-0.07, 0.13)	0.50	0.03 (-0.07, 0.13)	0.55
1st quartile
Parents live together
Yes	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
No	0.20 (0.12, 0.28)	< .001	0.20 (0.12, 0.28)	< .001	0.20 (0.12, 0.28)	< .001
Maternal age	0.01 (0.00, 0.01)	0.04	0.01 (0.00, 0.01)	0,035	0.01 (0.00, 0.01)	0.03
Paternal age	-0.01 (-0.02, 0.00)	< .001	-0.01 (-0.02, 0.00)	< .001	-0.01 (-0.02, 0.00)	< .001
Mother born abroad
No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Yes	-0.11 (-0.17, -0.05)	< .001	-0.12 (-0.18, -0.06)	< .001	-0.12 (-0.18, -0.06)	< .001
Father born abroad
No	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Yes	-0.22 (-0.28, -0.15)	< .001	-0.22 (-0.29, -0.16)	< .001	-0.23 (-0.29, -0.16)	< .001
Urban environment
Population density			-0.02 (-0.04, 0.01)	0.21	-0.02 (-0.04, 0.01)	0.21
Access to green space			-0.01 (-0.04, 0.01)	0.34	-0.01 (-0.04, 0.01)	0.33
Road and rail traffic			0.01 (-0.02, 0.04)	0.53	0.01 (-0.02, 0.04)	0.53
Street connectivity density			0.04 (0.00, 0.07)	0.03	0.04 (0.00, 0.07)	0.03
Food facility density
Slightly unhealthy environment			ref	ref	ref	ref
High unhealthy environment			0.03 (-0.05, 0.12)	0.43	0.03 (-0.05, 0.12)	0.44
Facility richness			0.04 (0.01, 0.07)	0.02	0.04 (0.01, 0.07)	0.02
Area-level SES indicator (deprivation index in quintiles) during pregnancy
Low level of deprivation			ref	ref	ref	ref
Medium-low level of deprivation			0.03 (-0.10, 0.16)	0.63	0.03 (-0.10, 0.16)	0.63
Medium level of deprivation			-0.04 (-0.16, 0.07)	0.44	-0.04 (-0.16, 0.07)	0.44
Medium-high level of deprivation			-0.03 (-0.16, 0.10)	0.66	-0.03 (-0.16, 0.10)	0.67
High level of deprivation			-0.05 (-0.17, 0.07)	0.41	-0.05 (-0.17, 0.07)	0.41
Psychosocial factors
Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy
No					ref	ref
Yes					0.05 (-0.05, 0.15)	0.3

Model 1 included socioeconomic, and demographic factors, model 2 included urban environment factors and model 3 psychosocial factors and access to health care. For the sake of parsimony, the effect of each variable was adjusted for the other variables from the same block, and additionally adjusted for variables from the preceding block. Coefficients are interpreted when the variable appear the first time but we showed effects for further models for indication

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