Table 2 Imputed hierarchical multivariable linear regression analyses with parental lifestyle patterns. The EDEN study (N = 1962)
From: Socioecological correlates of parental lifestyle patterns during the antenatal period
Parental lifestyle pattern 1: high parental smoking, poor-quality maternal diet and low leisure PA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | |
Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics | ||||||
Centre | ||||||
Poitiers | ref | ref | ||||
Nancy | 0.04 (-0.08, 0.15) | 0.53 | 0.04 (-0.09, 0.16) | 0.55 | 0.07 (-0.06, 0.20) | 0.28 |
Maternal education level | ||||||
High | ref | ref | ||||
Medium | 0.35 (0.21, 0.50) | < .001 | 0.35 (0.21, 0.50) | < .001 | 0.32 (0.18, 0.47) | < .001 |
Low | 0.93 (0.67, 1.18) | < .001 | 0.92 (0.67, 1.18) | < .001 | 0.83 (0.57, 1.09) | < .001 |
Paternal education | ||||||
High | ref | ref | ||||
Medium | 0.31 (0.17, 0.45) | < .001 | 0.30 (0.16, 0.45) | < .001 | 0.29 (0.14, 0.43) | < .001 |
Low | 0.51 (0.29, 0.73) | < .001 | 0.50 (0.28, 0.73) | < .001 | 0.47 (0.24, 0.69) | < .001 |
Maternal employment | ||||||
Employed/self-employed | ref | ref | ||||
Not employed | 0.28 (0.13, 0.44) | < .001 | 0.27 (0.11, 0.42) | < .001 | 0.24 (0.08, 0.40) | 0.003 |
Paternal employment | ||||||
Employed/self-employed | ref | ref | ||||
Not employed | 0.08 (-0.14, 0.30) | 0.46 | 0.08 (-0.14, 0.30) | 0.47 | 0.04 (-0.18, 0.26) | 0.72 |
Parity | ||||||
Primiparous | ref | ref | ||||
Multiparous | 0.16 (0.04, 0.29) | 0.01 | 0.16 (0.04, 0.29) | 0.01 | 0.03 (-0.12, 0.17) | 0.71 |
Household income | ||||||
4th quartile (highest) | ref | ref | ||||
3rd quartile | 0.12 (-0.04, 0.29) | 0.14 | 0.13 (-0.04, 0.29) | 0.13 | 0.13 (-0.03, 0.30) | 0.11 |
2nd quartile | 0.20 (0.02, 0.38) | 0.03 | 0.20 (0.02, 0.38) | 0.03 | 0.20 (0.02, 0.38) | 0.03 |
1st quartile | 0.41 (0.16, 0.67) | 0.001 | 0.41 (0.16, 0.67) | 0.002 | 0.35 (0.09, 0.60) | 0.009 |
Parents live together | ||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ||||
No | -0.09 (-0.36, 0.18) | 0.52 | -0.10 (-0.37, 0.17) | 0.47 | -0.13 (-0.40, 0.15) | 0.37 |
Maternal age | -0.05 (-0.06, -0.03) | < .001 | -0.05 (-0.06, -0.03) | < .001 | − 0.04 (-0.06, -0.03) | < .001 |
Paternal age | -0.01 (-0.02, 0.01) | 0.22 | -0.01 (-0.02, 0.01) | 0.22 | -0.01 (-0.02, 0.00) | 0.18 |
Mother born abroad | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | -0.39 (-0.70, -0.09) | 0.01 | -0.39 (-0.70, -0.09) | 0.01 | -0.41 (-0.71, -0.10) | 0.01 |
Father born abroad | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | -0.22 (-0.46, 0.03) | 0.08 | -0.23 (-0.48, 0.02) | 0.07 | -0.26 (-0.51, -0.01) | 0.038 |
Urban environment | ||||||
Access to green space | 0.06 (-0.01, 0.14) | 0.10 | 0.06 (-0.01, 0.14) | 0.11 | ||
Population density | -0.07 (-0.16, 0.02) | 0.14 | -0.06 (-0.15, 0.03) | 0.17 | ||
Road and rail traffic | 0.00 (-0.11, 0.11) | 0.99 | -0.01 (-0.12, 0.10) | 0.9 | ||
Street connectivity density | 0.01 (-0.09, 0.10) | 0.89 | 0.01 (-0.09, 0.11) | 0.84 | ||
Food facility density | ||||||
Slightly unhealthy environment | ref | ref | ||||
Highly unhealthy environment | 0.07 (-0.10, 0.24) | 0.40 | 0.07 (-0.09, 0.24) | 0.38 | ||
Facility richness | ||||||
0 | -0.02 (-0.24, 0.20) | 0.88 | -0.02 (-0.24, 0.20) | 0.87 | ||
0-0.05 | -0.03 (-0.21, 0.16) | 0.79 | -0.02 (-0.21, 0.16) | 0.79 | ||
> 0.05 | ref | ref | ||||
Area-level SES indicator (deprivation index in quintiles) during pregnancy | ||||||
Low level of deprivation | ref | ref | ||||
Medium-low level of deprivation | 0.06 (-0.11, 0.24) | 0.47 | 0.06 (-0.11, 0.23) | 0.48 | ||
Medium level of deprivation | 0.14 (-0.05, 0.33) | 0.14 | 0.15 (-0.04, 0.34) | 0.12 | ||
Medium-high level of deprivation | 0.09 (-0.11, 0.28) | 0.38 | 0.07 (-0.12, 0.26) | 0.47 | ||
High level of deprivation | 0.12 (-0.08, 0.32) | 0.25 | 0.10 (-0.10, 0.30) | 0.34 | ||
Psychosocial factors and health-care access | ||||||
Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | 0.00 (-0.25, 0.25) | 1 | ||||
Free/subsidised health insurance for very low-income families or no complementary insurance | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | 0.22 (-0.01, 0.45) | 0.06 | ||||
Antenatal visits | ||||||
< 7 | 0.06 (-0.12, 0.24) | 0.49 | ||||
≥ 7 | ref | ref | ||||
Antenatal preparation for parenting | ||||||
No | 0.29 (0.14, 0.44) | < .001 | ||||
Yes for all | ref | ref | ||||
Yes for some | 0.13 (-0.03, 0.30) | 0.12 | ||||
Parental lifestyle pattern 2: low parental BMI and high GWG | ||||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | |
Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics | ||||||
Centre | ||||||
Poitiers | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
Nancy | 0.06 (-0.05, 0.16) | 0.28 | 0.01 (-0.10, 0.12) | 0.84 | 0.04 (-0.07, 0.16) | 0.45 |
Maternal education level | ||||||
High | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
Medium | -0.04 (-0.17, 0.09) | 0.51 | -0.03 (-0.16, 0.10) | 0.65 | -0.02 (-0.15, 0.11) | 0.73 |
Low | 0.15 (-0.08, 0.37) | 0.21 | 0.15 (-0.08, 0.38) | 0.19 | 0.18 (-0.05, 0.41) | 0.13 |
Paternal education | ||||||
High | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
Medium | -0.25 (-0.38, -0.13) | < .001 | -0.23 (-0.36, -0.10) | < .001 | -0.22 (-0.35, -0.10) | < .001 |
Low | -0.14 (-0.33, 0.06) | 0.18 | -0.11 (-0.31, 0.09) | 0.27 | -0.10 (-0.30, 0.10) | 0.34 |
Maternal employment | ||||||
Employed/self-employed | ref | ref | ||||
Not employed | -0.03 (-0.17, 0.11) | 0.65 | -0.03 (-0.17, 0.11) | 0.69 | -0.02 (-0.16, 0.12) | 0.74 |
Paternal employment | ||||||
Employed/self-employed | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
Not employed | 0.03 (-0.16, 0.22) | 0.76 | 0.01 (-0.18, 0.20) | 0.93 | 0.03 (-0.16, 0.22) | 0.75 |
Parity | ||||||
Primiparous | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
Multiparous | -0.22 (-0.33, -0.10) | < .001 | -0.20 (-0.32, -0.09) | < .001 | -0.17 (-0.30, -0.04) | 0.009 |
Household income | ||||||
4th quartile (highest) | ref | ref | ||||
3rd quartile | -0.19 (-0.33, -0.04) | 0.01 | -0.18 (-0.33, -0.03) | 0.02 | -0.18 (-0.33, -0.03) | 0.02 |
2nd quartile | -0.32 (-0.48, -0.16) | < .001 | -0.32 (-0.48, -0.16) | < .001 | -0.32 (-0.48, -0.16) | < .001 |
1st quartile | -0.26 (-0.48, -0.03) | 0.03 | -0.25 (-0.48, -0.02) | 0.03 | -0.24 (-0.47, -0.01) | 0.04 |
Parents live together | ||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ||||
No | 0.02 (-0.22, 0.26) | 0.9 | 0.03 (-0.21, 0.27) | 0.8 | 0.06 (-0.18, 0.30) | 0.62 |
Maternal age | -0.01 (-0.03, 0.00) | 0.11 | -0.01 (-0.03, 0.00) | 0.11 | -0.01 (-0.03, 0.00) | 0.12 |
Paternal age | -0.02 (-0.04, -0.01) | < .001 | -0.02 (-0.03, -0.01) | 0.001 | -0.02 (-0.03, -0.01) | 0.002 |
Mother born abroad | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | -0.23 (-0.50, 0.04) | 0.10 | -0.26 (-0.54, 0.01) | 0.06 | -0.30 (-0.57, -0.02) | 0.03 |
Father born abroad | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | 0.02 (-0.20, 0.23) | 0.89 | 0.00 (-0.21, 0.22) | 0.99 | 0.03 (-0.19, 0.25) | 0.79 |
Urban environment | ||||||
Access to green space | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.02) | 0.17 | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.02) | 0.18 | ||
Population density | 0.13 (0.06, 0.21) | < .001 | 0.13 (0.06, 0.21) | < .001 | ||
Road and rail traffic | 0.00 (-0.09, 0.08) | 0.98 | 0.00 (-0.09, 0.08) | 0.96 | ||
Street connectivity density | 0.00 (-0.09, 0.08) | 0.95 | 0.00 (-0.08, 0.08) | 1 | ||
Food facility density | ||||||
Slightly unhealthy environment | ref | ref | ||||
Highly unhealthy environment | 0.04 (-0.11, 0.19) | 0.61 | 0.04 (-0.11, 0.19) | 0.58 | ||
Facility richness | ||||||
0 | 0.00 (-0.20, 0.19) | 0.97 | 0.01 (-0.19, 0.21) | 0.91 | ||
0-0.05 | -0.05 (-0.21, 0.12) | 0.58 | -0.04 (-0.20, 0.13) | 0.67 | ||
> 0.05 | ref | ref | ||||
Area-level socioeconomic indicator during pregnancy | ||||||
Low level of deprivation | ref | ref | ||||
Medium-low level of deprivation | -0.02 (-0.17, 0.13) | 0.81 | -0.02 (-0.17, 0.13) | 0.81 | ||
Medium level of deprivation | 0.00 (-0.16, 0.17) | 0.96 | 0.01 (-0.16, 0.17) | 0.95 | ||
Medium-high level of deprivation | -0.11 (-0.28, 0.06) | 0.21 | -0.10 (-0.27, 0.07) | 0.23 | ||
High level of deprivation | -0.21 (-0.39, -0.03) | 0.02 | -0.20 (-0.38, -0.02) | 0.03 | ||
Psychosocial factors and health-care access | ||||||
Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | -0.29 (-0.51, -0.07) | 0.01 | ||||
Free/subsidised health insurance for very low-income families or no complementary insurance | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | -0.07 (-0.27, 0.14) | 0.53 | ||||
Antenatal visits | ||||||
< 7 | 0.18 (0.02, 0.34) | 0.03 | ||||
≥ 7 | ref | ref | ||||
Antenatal preparation for parenting | ||||||
No | -0.09 (-0.23, 0.05) | 0.19 | ||||
Yes for all | ref | ref | ||||
Yes for some | -0.11 (-0.25, 0.04) | 0.15 | ||||