Table 2 Multilevel meta-meta-analyses estimates for steps, MVPA, and total PA

Review variance, σ²

0.03

0.00

0.01

Study variance, σ²

0.23

0.10

0.07

Heterogeneity, Q(df)

Q(70) = 480.82^*

Q(24) = 83.79^*

Q(44) = 142.33^*

Moderators, QM(df)

QM(10) = 8.44

QM(10) = 18.11

QM(10) = 11.31

Intercept (95% CI)

1.58 (-0.13 – 3.33)

0.31 (-0.94 – 1.55)

0.70^* (0.03 – 1.38)

Outcome – survey

--

0.04 (-0.91 – 0.99)

-0.41 (-1.18 – 0.36)

Outcome – tracker (95% CI)

-0.94 (-2.02 – 0.13)

0.59 (-0.35 – 1.53)

-0.17 (-0.91 – 0.56)

Intervention – activity tracker (95% CI)

0.44 (-0.33 – 1.21)

0.05 (-0.40 – 0.50)

0.01 (-0.25 – 0.27)

Intervention – app-based (95% CI)

0.10 (-0.67 – 0.87)

0.04 (-0.43 – 0.52)

0.14 (-0.50 – 0.77)

Intervention – SMS/phone (95% CI)

-0.05 (-0.39 – 0.28)

0.42 (-0.07 – 0.90)

0.07 (-0.25 – 0.40)

Intervention – web-based (95% CI)

-0.26 (-0.68 – 0.16)

-0.14 (-0.51 – 0.23)

-0.11 (-0.41 – 0.19)

Intervention – face-to-face (95% CI)

-0.06 (-0.35 – 0.22)

-0.34 (-0.71 – 0.03)

-0.25^* (-0.49—-0.01)

Population – primary prevention (95% CI)

0.04 (-0.25 – 0.32)

-0.08 (-0.45 – 0.28)

0.01 (-0.23 – 0.24)

Control – non-digital intervention (95% CI)

-0.45 (-1.82 – 0.91)

--

0.01 (-0.22 – 0.25)

Control – other digital (95% CI)

-0.97 (-2.55 – 0.61)

-0.56 (-1.18 – 0.06)

--

Control – usual care/none (95% CI)

-0.51 (-1.92 – 0.89)

-0.13 (-0.57 – 0.32)

--