Table 2 Associations of within-person lifestyle exposures and eating time with postprandial glucose iAUC at 11,333 meals from 789 participants

Within-person exposures

Meal composition

 Refined grains

42.5 (37.6, 47.3)

< 0.001

46.2 (40.3, 52.1)

< 0.001

 Whole grains

-18.7 (-24.8, -12.7)

< 0.001

23.8 (16.6, 31.0)

< 0.001

 Seafood

6.3 (1.0, 11.6)

0.020

-8.6 (-13.9, -3.3)

0.002

 Chicken

12.6 (7.4, 17.7)

< 0.001

-2.6 (-7.8, 2.6)

0.330

 Red meat

12.5 (7.4, 17.6)

< 0.001

-4.2 (-9.4, 1.0)

0.116

 Eggs

-4.1 (-9.3, 1.1)

0.126

-5.2 (-10.2, -0.2)

0.042

 Dairy

-29.4 (-37.5, -21.3)

< 0.001

-13.5 (-21.4, -5.6)

0.001

 Soy food

6.4 (-0.9, 13.6)

0.084

-2.2 (-9.3, 4.8)

0.530

 Beans or nuts

-9.5 (-17.7, -1.3)

0.023

-9.2 (-17.0, -1.4)

0.021

 Vegetables

20.0 (15.4, 24.5)

< 0.001

0.8 (-4.0, 5.6)

0.742

 Fruits

-11.0 (-17.7, -4.3)

0.001

-7.1 (-13.5, -0.6)

0.031

 Deep-fried food

9.3 (1.8, 16.8)

0.015

11.6 (4.3, 19.0)

0.002

 Sweet desserts

-2.5 (-10.8, 5.9)

0.558

4.0 (-4.0, 12.0)

0.331

 Sugary beverages

-5.6 (-12.1, 1.1)

0.099

-1.2 (-7.6, 5.2)

0.716

 Non-sugary beverages

-21.5 (-28.4, -14.6)

< 0.001

-9.5 (-16.3, -2.8)

0.006

Postmeal satiety

15.6 (13.0, 18.1)

< 0.001

7.7 (5.1, 10.4)

< 0.001

Postprandial light-intensity physical activity (h)

-62.6 (-75.9, -49.2)

< 0.001

-24.7 (-39.5, -9.9)

0.001

Postprandial moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (h)

-87.8 (-102.0, -73.6)

< 0.001

-58.0 (-73.8, -42.3)

< 0.001

Daily light-intensity physical activity (h)

-4.1 (-6.7, -1.6)

0.002

-7.5 (-10.7, -4.2)

< 0.001

Daily moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (h)

-1.8 (-5.3, 1.6)

0.304

1.8 (-2.5, 6.1)

0.411

Sleep duration (h)

-1.8 (-3.6, 0.0)

0.055

-2.7 (-4.4, -1.0)

0.002

Meal time of the day

 06:00–12:00 h

Reference

 12:00–18:00 h

62.5 (57.4, 67.6)

< 0.001

54.4 (48.8, 59.9)

< 0.001

 18:00–24:00 h

49.3 (44.1, 54.5)

< 0.001

42.9 (36.9, 48.6)

< 0.001