Diet, physical activity, and sleep in relation to postprandial glucose responses under free-living conditions: an intensive longitudinal observational study

Table 1 Participant characteristics and longitudinal free-living measures

Characteristics	All participants (N = 789)
Age (years)	41 ± 14
Sex: Male	286 (36%)
Ethnicity: Chinese	589 (75%)
Malay	127 (16%)
Indian	73 (9%)
Education: Secondary and below	92 (12%)
A-level	229 (29%)
University and above	468 (59%)
Current cigarette smoking	95 (12%)
Heavy alcohol consumption	64 (8%)
BMI (kg/m²)	24 ± 5
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)	5.0 ± 0.5
HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.3
Mean glucose by CGM (mmol/l)	5.6 ± 0.6
Coefficient of variation by CGM (%)	19.2 ± 4.7
Prediabetes: Yes	204 (26%)
Longitudinal free-living measures
Number of meals with CGM data (% total meals)	12,485 (93%)
Number of meals included for analysis (% meals with CGM data)	11,333 (91%)
% Meal time: 06:00–12:00 h	29 ± 17
12:00–18:00 h	36 ± 15
18:00–24:00 h	35 ± 15
Postmeal satiety (lowest 1 to highest 6)	3.8 ± 0.7
Pre-prandial mean blood glucose (mmol/l)	5.4 ± 0.6
Postprandial glucose iAUC (mmol/l*minute)	137.4 ± 71.0
Postprandial light-intensity physical activity (h)	0.3 ± 0.1
Postprandial moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (h)	0.2 ± 0.1
Daily light-intensity physical activity (h)	2.8 ± 0.8
Daily moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (h)	1.6 ± 0.6
Sleep duration (h)	5.5 ± 1.0

Data were in mean ± standard deviation or N (%). The definition for prediabetes was having fasting plasma glucose > = 5.6 mmol/l or HbA1c > = 5.7% measured during baseline physical examination. Criteria for meals to be included for analysis: (1) with time-matched CGM data, (2) consumed during 06:00–24:00 h of the day, and (3) without food consumption within 2.5 h before the meal. Postprandial measures were for the 2-h window after eating. Daily LPA and daily MVPA were measured during the 24 h before the meal. CGM: continuous glucose monitoring; iAUC: incremental area under the curve

ISSN: 1479-5868