Fig. 3

Associations of lifestyle exposures and meal time with postprandial glucose iAUC, stratified by sex and prediabetes status subgroups. The models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, smoking, alcohol, body mass index, and mean 2-h pre-prandial glucose level, except when the covariate was used to stratify. The models were also mutually adjusted for meal time, diet, physical activity, and sleep measures. The ▲ symbol indicates a significant interaction term (p-value < 0.05), and the △ symbol indicates a marginally significant interaction term (0.05 < = p-value < 0.1) (for details, see Supplementary eTable 3). Postprandial measures were for the 2-h window after eating. Daily LPA and daily MVPA were measured during the 24 h before the meal. iAUC: incremental area under the curve. LPA: light-intensity physical activity; MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity