Fig. 4

Combined associations of physical activity (late-life physical activity and midlife-to-late-life activity patterns) and APOE ε4 genotype with cognitive impairment. Combined associations of physical activity variables (late-life physical activity [A] and midlife-to-late-life activity patterns [B]) and APOE ε4 genotype with risk of cognitive impairment. Odds ratios were calculated using multivariate-adjusted models, controlling for age, sex, education attainment, major occupation, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, dietary habits, smoking and drinking status, sedentary time, functional limitations, and history of diagnosed hypertension and diabetes. Analyses of domain-specific physical activity, intensity-specific physical activity, and midlife-to-late-life activity patterns were additionally adjusted for overall physical activity levels. Circles represent the point estimates of odds ratios, and error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Gray represents the reference groups, while red represents estimates of each combined group compared to the reference group. One asterisk (*) represents P-value < 0.05. PA (physical activity), OR (odds ratio), 95%CI (confidence interval), APOE (apolipoprotein E)