Can nudge interventions targeting healthy food purchases in real-world grocery stores reduce diet-related health disparities? A pooled analysis of four controlled trials

Table 4 Nudge effectiveness and modifying effects on fruit and vegetable purchases, in the cross-sectional analysis (n = 855)¹

	β	95%CI	p-value
Crude difference in the intervention group	-0.00	-0.06, 0.05	0.93
Adjusted difference in the intervention group²	-0.00	-0.06, 0.05	0.91
Nudge interventions x higher educational attainment²	-0.00	-0.24, 0.16	0.85
Nudge interventions x females^,3	0.07	-0.05, 0.57	0.29
Nudge interventions x older adults^2,3	-0.13	-0.68, 0.01	0.12

¹Main between group differences for nudge effectiveness and modifying effects of group by educational attainment, sex and age, on the percentage of fruit and vegetables purchased, based on the cross-sectional analysis (n = 855). Analyses were based on a two-level linear mixed-effects model, with group as the independent variable and the square root of the percentage of fruit and vegetable purchases as the dependent variable. Random intercepts were included for trials and grocery stores. Results reflect back-transformed means from the square root transformations
²Adjusted for educational attainment, sex, age, and the number of persons purchased groceries for
³Based on n = 768 due to absence of males and older adults in the dataset by Vogel et al

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