Table 1 Description of the study measures (with references and scale/item details)

Dependent (Outcomes)

 Sedentary time (ST) (accelerometer-measured)

Cain KL et al.;2021 [15]

Cain KL et al.;2013 [17]

Cain KL et al.;2018 [18]

Evenson KR et al.;2008 [19]

Models used: Actigraph GT model GT1M, GT3X, or GT3X + (13 countries), 7164 (1 country)

Epoch: 30 s

Nonwear definition: > 60 min consecutive ‘0’ counts

Valid day: 8 + hrs of wearing from 6AM—12AM

Sedentary cut point: ≤ 100 counts per minute during valid wearing time

Requested wear time: 7 days, with 4 + valid days required for inclusion

Data processing software: MeterPlus v5.0

Accelerometer ST measures during 3 periods:

- All valid wearing time across all valid days

- Out-of-school on School days only

- Non-school days only

(scores indicate average minutes per day)

 Sedentary behaviours (SB) (adolescent reported)

Rosenberg D et al.;2010 [20]

Norman GJ et al.;2005 [21]

Sallis JF et al.;2020 [22]

Cerin E et al.;2017 [23]

Cain KL et al.;2013 [17]

Cerin E et al.;2014 [24]

Adolescents reported time spent in four SB’s on a typical school day (non-school hours), including 3 items indicating screen time (watching TV/DVDs/videos, playing sedentary video/computer games, using the internet/emailing/other electronic media for leisure), and 1 item indicating time riding in a motor vehicle.

Two SB measures:

- Screen time minutes per day (sum of responses to 3 items: watching TV/DVDs/videos, playing sedentary video/computer games, and using the internet/emailing/other electronic media for leisure each day)

- Time riding in a motor vehicle (single item)

(all items had 6-category response options ranging from 0 min to 4 + hours, with hours converted to minutes per day)

Independent variables

 Neighborhood environment attributes (parent reported)

Cerin E et al.;2019 [25]

Rosenberg D et al.;2009 [26]

IPEN-Adolescent adapted and validated version of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y-IPEN) was completed by parents to assess perceived neighbourhood attributes.

Ten NEWS-Y-IPEN scales:

- Residential density scale (weighted sum of 6 items, with scores ranging from 0–1048 reflecting low-to-high density)

Four scales were reported walking time from home to various land uses:

- Land use mix—diversity (13 items)

- Recreational facilities (9 items)

- Parks-proximity (2 items)

- Transit-stop proximity (1 item)

(scores above were averaged item responses using 5-point categories from > 30-min walk coded 1 [low proximity] to ≤ 5-min walk coded 5 [high proximity])

Five scales assessed neighborhood attributes for:

- Accessibility and walking facilities (5 items; e.g., sidewalks, street crossings)

- Aesthetics (3 items; e.g., nature, attractive buildings)

- Traffic safety (3 items; e.g., speed of traffic, difficult to walk due to traffic)

- Pedestrian infrastructure and safety (3 items; e.g., crosswalks and signals, good lighting)

- Safety from crime (4 items; e.g., crime rate in area, stranger danger)

(scores above were averaged item responses using 4-category options from strongly disagree coded 1 to strongly agree coded 4)

 Home electronics/media environment (adolescent reported)

Rosenberg D et al.;2010 [20]

Norman GJ et al.;2005 [21]

Sallis JF et al.;2020 [22]

Cerin E et al.;2017 [23]

Cain KL et al.;2013 [17]

Ten survey items to assess adolescent's home electronics/media environment, drawn from prior studies that provided evidence of good test–retest reliability and associations with SB.

Three home environment measures:

Electronic devices in the bedroom (6 items assessed devices in the adolescent’s bedroom: television, computer, video game system (non-hand-held—Playstation, Xbox), music player (radio, CD player, stereo), DVD player, and internet access)

Personal electronic devices (3 items assessed portable devices “for your own use”: cell phone, hand-held video game player (Game Boy, Sony PSP), and personal audio device (iPod, MP3 player)).

Has own social media (a single item assessed whether adolescents had their own social media account (e.g., Facebook, Instagram).