Table 1 Basic characteristics of participants by diurnal patterns of physical activity and sleep
Basic characteristics | Total (n = 6673) | Physical activity | P value | Sleep | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early-morning (n = 2159) | Late-afternoon (n = 1677) | Midday (n = 2837) | Irregular sleep (n = 2493) | Morning lark (n = 2245) | Night owl (n = 1935) | ||||
Age, mean (SD) | 49.7 (17.4) | 54.2 (15.7) | 41.6 (16.8) | 51.0 (17.5) | < 0.001 | 49.3 (17.8) | 53.6 (16.1) | 45.5 (17.5) | < 0.001 |
Sex, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.004 |
Male | 3250 (48.7) | 1102 (51.0) | 852 (50.8) | 1296 (45.7) | Â | 1309 (52.5) | 1045 (46.5) | 896 (46.3) | Â |
Female | 3423 (51.3) | 1057 (49.0) | 825 (49.2) | 1541 (54.3) | Â | 1184 (47.5) | 1200 (53.5) | 1039 (53.7) | Â |
Ethnicity, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Mexican American | 722 (10.8) | 267 (12.4) | 133 (7.9) | 322 (11.4) | Â | 205 (8.2) | 294 (13.1) | 223 (11.5) | Â |
Non-Hispanic White | 2948 (44.2) | 997 (46.2) | 640 (38.2) | 1311 (46.2) | Â | 1077 (43.2) | 1059 (47.2) | 812 (42.0) | Â |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1536 (23.0) | 509 (23.6) | 476 (28.4) | 551 (19.4) | Â | 692 (27.8) | 421 (18.8) | 423 (21.9) | Â |
Other Hispanic | 598 (9.0) | 161 (7.5) | 161 (9.6) | 276 (9.7) | Â | 200 (8.0) | 193 (8.6) | 205 (10.6) | Â |
Other | 869 (13.0) | 225 (10.4) | 267 (15.9) | 377 (13.3) | Â | 319 (12.8) | 278 (12.4) | 272 (14.1) | Â |
Educational level, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.019 | Â | Â | Â | 0.342 | ||
Less than high school | 1274 (19.1) | 435 (20.1) | 299 (17.8) | 540 (19.0) | Â | 477 (19.1) | 435 (19.4) | 362 (18.7) | Â |
High school or equivalent | 1454 (21.8) | 497 (23.0) | 371 (22.1) | 586 (20.7) | Â | 553 (22.2) | 485 (21.6) | 416 (21.5) | Â |
College or above | 3945 (59.1) | 1227 (56.8) | 1007 (60.0) | 1711 (60.3) | Â | 1463 (58.7) | 1325 (59.0) | 1157 (59.8) | Â |
Marital status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Married or living with partner | 3902 (58.5) | 1366 (63.3) | 765 (45.6) | 1771 (62.4) | Â | 1260 (50.5) | 1525 (67.9) | 1117 (57.7) | Â |
Widowed | 494 (7.4) | 200 (9.3) | 73 (4.4) | 221 (7.8) | Â | 199 (8.0) | 199 (8.9) | 96 (5.0) | Â |
Divorced or separated | 988 (14.8) | 339 (15.7) | 263 (15.7) | 386 (13.6) | Â | 440 (17.6) | 290 (12.9) | 258 (13.3) | Â |
Never married | 1289 (19.3) | 254 (11.8) | 576 (34.3) | 459 (16.2) | Â | 594 (23.8) | 231 (10.3) | 464 (24.0) | Â |
Annual family income, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
0–19,999 | 1610 (24.1) | 410 (19.0) | 544 (32.4) | 656 (23.1) |  | 726 (29.1) | 399 (17.8) | 485 (25.1) |  |
20,000–44,999 | 2072 (31.1) | 644 (29.8) | 545 (32.5) | 883 (31.1) |  | 816 (32.7) | 646 (28.8) | 610 (31.5) |  |
45,000–74,999 | 1220 (18.3) | 443 (20.5) | 250 (14.9) | 527 (18.6) |  | 407 (16.3) | 466 (20.8) | 347 (17.9) |  |
75,000–99,999 | 601 (9.0) | 203 (9.4) | 139 (8.3) | 259 (9.1) |  | 190 (7.6) | 239 (10.6) | 172 (8.9) |  |
100,000 and over | 1170 (17.5) | 459 (21.3) | 199 (11.9) | 512 (18.0) | Â | 354 (14.2) | 495 (22.0) | 321 (16.6) | Â |
Body mass index, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Underweight | 108 (1.6) | 19 (0.9) | 42 (2.5) | 47 (1.7) | Â | 42 (1.7) | 28 (1.2) | 38 (2.0) | Â |
Normal weight | 1846 (27.7) | 534 (24.7) | 515 (30.7) | 797 (28.1) | Â | 636 (25.5) | 644 (28.7) | 566 (29.3) | Â |
Overweight | 2139 (32.1) | 720 (33.3) | 478 (28.5) | 941 (33.2) | Â | 771 (30.9) | 781 (34.8) | 587 (30.3) | Â |
Obese | 2580 (38.7) | 886 (41.0) | 642 (38.3) | 1052 (37.1) | Â | 1044 (41.9) | 792 (35.3) | 744 (38.4) | Â |
Alcohol intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.110 | Â | Â | Â | 0.878 |
No | 1750 (26.2) | 567 (26.3) | 413 (24.6) | 770 (27.1) | Â | 617 (24.7) | 623 (27.8) | 510 (26.4) | Â |
Yes | 4923 (73.8) | 1592 (73.7) | 1264 (75.4) | 2067 (72.9) | Â | 1876 (75.3) | 1622 (72.2) | 1425 (73.6) | Â |
Smoking status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Never smokers | 3767 (56.5) | 1236 (57.2) | 894 (53.3) | 1637 (57.7) | Â | 1302 (52.2) | 1351 (60.2) | 1114 (57.6) | Â |
Former smokers | 1625 (24.4) | 589 (27.3) | 286 (17.1) | 750 (26.4) | Â | 596 (23.9) | 620 (27.6) | 409 (21.1) | Â |
Current smokers | 1281 (19.2) | 334 (15.5) | 497 (29.6) | 450 (15.9) | Â | 595 (23.9) | 274 (12.2) | 412 (21.3) | Â |
Diabetes, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 0.003 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
No | 5775 (86.5) | 1827 (84.6) | 1488 (88.7) | 2460 (86.7) | Â | 2077 (83.3) | 1977 (88.1) | 1721 (88.9) | Â |
Yes | 898 (13.5) | 332 (15.4) | 189 (11.3) | 377 (13.3) | Â | 416 (16.7) | 268 (11.9) | 214 (11.1) | Â |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) |  |  |  | 0.054 |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
No | 5975 (89.5) | 1905 (88.2) | 1536 (91.6) | 2534 (89.3) | Â | 2170 (87.0) | 2045 (91.1) | 1760 (91.0) | Â |
Yes | 698 (10.5) | 254 (11.8) | 141 (8.4) | 303 (10.7) | Â | 323 (13.0) | 200 (8.9) | 175 (9.0) | Â |
Cancer, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.010 |
No | 6003 (90.0) | 1915 (88.7) | 1582 (94.3) | 2506 (88.3) | Â | 2252 (90.3) | 1984 (88.4) | 1767 (91.3) | Â |
Yes | 670 (10.0) | 244 (11.3) | 95 (5.7) | 331 (11.7) | Â | 241 (9.7) | 261 (11.6) | 168 (8.7) | Â |
Hypertension, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
No | 4146 (62.1) | 1201 (55.6) | 1166 (69.5) | 1779 (62.7) | Â | 1464 (58.7) | 1354 (60.3) | 1328 (68.6) | Â |
Yes | 2527 (37.9) | 958 (44.4) | 511 (30.5) | 1058 (37.3) | Â | 1029 (41.3) | 891 (39.7) | 607 (31.4) | Â |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.037 |
No | 4209 (63.1) | 1245 (57.7) | 1225 (73.0) | 1739 (61.3) | Â | 1563 (62.7) | 1345 (59.9) | 1301 (67.2) | Â |
Yes | 2464 (36.9) | 914 (42.3) | 452 (27.0) | 1098 (38.7) | Â | 930 (37.3) | 900 (40.1) | 634 (32.8) | Â |
Alternative healthy eating index, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 | ||
Quartile 1 | 1668 (25.0) | 456 (21.1) | 567 (33.8) | 645 (22.7) | Â | 730 (29.3) | 422 (18.8) | 516 (26.7) | Â |
Quartile 2 | 1668 (25.0) | 561 (26.0) | 435 (25.9) | 672 (23.7) | Â | 690 (27.7) | 532 (23.7) | 446 (23.0) | Â |
Quartile 3 | 1668 (25.0) | 573 (26.5) | 344 (20.5) | 751 (26.5) | Â | 590 (23.7) | 591 (26.3) | 487 (25.2) | Â |
Quartile 4 | 1669 (25.0) | 569 (26.4) | 331 (19.7) | 769 (27.1) | Â | 483 (19.4) | 700 (31.2) | 486 (25.1) | Â |
Total physical activity volume, n (%) |  |  | 0.063 |  |  |  | < 0.001 | ||
Tertile 1 | 2224 (33.3) | 690 (32.0) | 544 (32.4) | 990 (34.9) | Â | 1137 (45.6) | 576 (25.7) | 511 (26.4) | Â |
Tertile 2 | 2224 (33.3) | 718 (33.3) | 536 (32.0) | 970 (34.2) | Â | 763 (30.6) | 811 (36.1) | 650 (33.6) | Â |
Tertile 3 | 2225 (33.3) | 751 (34.8) | 597 (35.6) | 877 (30.9) | Â | 593 (23.8) | 858 (38.2) | 774 (40.0) | Â |
Total sleep duration per day, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 | ||
Tertile 1 | 2224 (33.3) | 740 (34.3) | 457 (27.3) | 1027 (36.2) | Â | 148 (5.9) | 1302 (58.0) | 774 (40.0) | Â |
Tertile 2 | 2224 (33.3) | 716 (33.2) | 560 (33.4) | 948 (33.4) | Â | 522 (20.9) | 795 (35.4) | 907 (46.9) | Â |
Tertile 3 | 2225 (33.3) | 703 (32.6) | 660 (39.4) | 862 (30.4) | Â | 1823 (73.1) | 148 (6.6) | 254 (13.1) | Â |