Timing of food pieces introduction and neurodevelopment: findings from a nationwide birth cohort

Somaraki, Maria; de Lauzon-Guillain, Blandine; Camier, Aurore; Bernard, Jonathan Y.; Tafflet, Muriel; Dufourg, Marie-Noëlle; Charles, Marie-Aline; Chabanet, Claire; Tournier, Carole; Nicklaus, Sophie

doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01669-5

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 2 Adjusted estimates (95% CI) and ORs (95% CI) of neurodevelopmental outcomes in terms of age at introduction to food pieces. Total sample and sub-samples including both term births and births without congenital malformations, complete-case analyses

From: Timing of food pieces introduction and neurodevelopment: findings from a nationwide birth cohort

		Neurodevelopmental scores (standardised continuous)				At risk for developmental delay (binary)
		CDI-1	MB-2	CDI-3.5	PS-3.5	DQ-3.5 < 90
		Estimate [95% CI]	Estimate [95% CI]	Estimate [95% CI]	Estimate [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]
Total sample, adjusted^a		N = 8511	N = 7949	Ν = 7580	Ν = 6207	N = 7580
	Before 8 months	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	1 [Ref.]
	Between 8 and 10 months	-0.12 [-0.17; -0.08]	-0.06 [-0.11; -0.01]	-0.08 [-0.12; -0.03]	-0.04 [-0.10; 0.02]	1.12 [0.94; 1.33]
	After 10 months	-0.35 [-0.40; -0.30]	-0.15 [-0.20; -0.10]	-0.18 [-0.23; -0.13]	-0.04 [-0.10; 0.02]	1.62 [1.36; 1.94]
Total sample, adjusted^b		Ν/Α	N = 7949	Ν = 7580	Ν = 6207	Ν = 7580
	Before 8 months	Ν/Α	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	1 [Ref.]
	Between 8 and 10 months	Ν/Α	-0.02 [-0.07; 0.03]	-0.03 [-0.08; 0.01]	-0.02 [-0.08; 0.03]	1.03 [0.86; 1.23]
	After 10 months	Ν/Α	-0.03 [-0.08; 0.02]	-0.05 [-0.10; 0.00]	0.01 [-0.06; 0.07]	1.24 [1.03; 1.50]
Births full-term and no malformations^a		N = 7861	N = 7336	N = 6993	N = 5740	N = 6993
	Before 8 months	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	1 [Ref.]
	Between 8 and 10 months	-0.11 [-0.16; -0.06]	-0.05 [-0.10; 0.00]	-0.05 [-0.11; 0.00]	-0.03 [-0.09; 0.02]	1.08 [0.90; 1.30]
	After 10 months	-0.35 [-0.40; -0.30]	-0.14 [-0.20; -0.09]	-0.17 [-0.23; -0.12]	-0.03 [-0.09; 0.03]	1.61 [1.34; 1.94]
Total sample, unadjusted		N = 8511	N = 7949	Ν = 7580	Ν = 6207	N = 7580
	Before 8 months	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	0 [Ref.]	1 [Ref.]
	Between 8 and 10 months	-0.20 [-0.25; -0.15]	-0.04 [-0.09; 0.02]	-0.08 [-0.14; -0.03]	-0.03 [-0.09; 0.02]	1.07 [0.91; 1.27]
	After 10 months	-0.45 [-0.50; -0.39]	-0.12 [-0.18; -0.07]	-0.20 [-0.26; -0.15]	-0.04 [-0.1; 0.02]	1.57 [1.33; 1.85]

CDI-1: Child Development Inventory at 1 year; MB-2: McArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory at 2 years; CDI-3.5: Child Development Inventory at 3.5 years; PS-3.5: Pictures Similarities subscale of the British Ability Scale at 3.5 years; DQ-3.5<90: Developmental Quotient (developmental age/chronological age x 100) below 90 indicating a possible risk for developmental delay
Estimates (95% CI) for CDI-1, MB-2, CDI-3.5 and PS-3.5 were calculated using linear regression models
ORs (95% CI) for DQ-3.5<90 were calculated using binary logistic regression models
^a Adjustments considered the following confounding variables and covariates: maternal age at delivery, maternal employment, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal education level, maternal migration history, household income per consumption unit, residence area size, maternal BMI status before pregnancy, parental stimulation, child sex, child birth weight category, child gestational age, number of older siblings in the household, collective care attendance, breastfeeding duration and age of introduction to complementary feeding, along with recruitment wave, maternity unit and region of residence. Age at neurodevelopmental assessment was further considered, when applicable, i.e. in the linear regression models for CDI-1, MB-2, CDI-3.5 and PS-3.5
^b Further adjustment for CDI-1 in models for later assessments; N/A for the CDI-1 outcome

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