Table 3 Adverse events during the caloric restriction period

ADF

Headaches (13%), constipation (6%)

During the first two weeks

[62, 68, 75]

STF

Hunger (54.5%), constipation (4.8%-27.3%), headaches (5%-20%), dizziness (3%-11%), mild nausea (6%), cramps (6%), fatigue (5%), lack of concentration (4%), mood swings or bad temper (3%), temporary sleep disturbance (2%), and feeling cold (NA)

Hunger and constipation improved over time

[39, 46, 70]

TRE

lack of concentration (26.3%), irritableness (10.5%), fatigue (4.4–10.5%), dizziness (5.3–8.7%), upper abdominal pain (7.3%), dyspepsia (7.3%), constipation (2.9%), nausea, headache (1.5%), dry mouth (5.3%), and diarrhea (NA)

Dizziness, nausea, headaches, and diarrhea peaked at the second week, but disappeared at the third week. Fatigue, Constipation and dry mouth did not change over the course of trial

[38, 55, 56]

CER

Dyspepsia (11.4%), dizziness (3%-7.1%), upper abdominal pain (5.7%), fatigue (5%-5.7%), mood swings or bad temper (5%), headache (2.9%-5%), feeling cold (3%), constipation (1.4%-3%), decreased appetite (2.9%), lack of concentration (2%-3%), and mild nausea (2%)

Dizziness, headache and nausea in the first four weeks

[46, 55, 66, 70]