Table 1 Characteristics of studies
Author, year | Country | Trial ID | N | Period | Study design | Comparison | Age (year) | Female (%) | BMI (kg/m2) | Body fat percentage (%) | Follow up, dropout rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu, 2023 [56] | China | NA | 80 | September 2021 to April 2022 | RCT, single center, 4 arms, parallel | General diet vs. TRE vs. Exercise (excluded) vs. TRE + Exercise (excluded) | 18–22 | 100 | 18.5–23.9 |  ≥ 30 | 2 months, 5 |
Irani, 2023 [52] | Iran | IRCT20131228015968N7 | 89 | October 2020 to December 2021 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. CER | 20–65 | 100 | 26–40 |  ≥ 35 | 2 months, 37.08 |
Hooshiar, 2023 [50] | Iran | IRCT20220522054958N3 | 56 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | ADF vs. CER | 18–50 | 100 | 25–40 | NA | 2 months,16.07 |
Fagundes, 2023 [44] | Brazil | NCT03574103, CAAE72774617.6.0000.5149 | 36 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. CER | 18–59 | 100 |  ≥ 25 |  ≥ 35 | 1 month, 36.11 2 months, 44.44 |
Domaszewski, 2022 [43] | Poland | NA | 46 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. General diet | 65–74 | 0 | 25–29.9 | 20–35 | 1.5 month, 0 |
Jamshed, 2022 [53] | USA | NCT03459703 | 90 | August 2018 to April 2020 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. CER | 25–75 | 80 | 28–45 | NA | 3.5 months, 34.44 |
Liu, 2022 [55] | China | NCT03745612 | 139 | November 2018 to July 2021 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. CER | 18–75 | 48.92 | 28–45 |  ≥ 30 | 6 months, 0 12 months, 0 |
Thomas, 2022 [71] | USA | NCT03571048 | 85 | July 2018 to February 2020 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. CER | 18–50 | 85.19 | 27–45 |  ≥ 35 | 3 months, 17.65 10 months, 25.88 |
Xie, 2022 [76] | China | ChiCTR2000029797 | 82 | February 2020, to March 2020 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | eTRE vs. mTRE vs. General diet | 18–45 | 78.04 | 17.5–30.0 | NA | 5 weeks, 0 |
Queiroz, 2022 [65] | Brazil | NCT04647149 | 48 | September 2019 to May 2020 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | early TRE vs. delayed TRE vs. CER | 20–40 | 87.5 | 25.0 -34.9 |  ≥ 35 | 2 months, 22.92 |
China | ChiCTR2000039115 | 63 | NA | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | early TRE vs. delayed TRE vs. General diet | 18–30 | 45 |  ≥ 24 |  ≥ 30 | 2 months, 4.76 | |
Kotarsky, 2021 [54] | USA | NCT03823872 | 23 | October 2018 to December 2019 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. General diet | 35–60 | 85.7 | 25.0–34.9 |  ≥ 35 | 2 months, 8.70 |
Pureza, 2021 [41] | Brazil | RBR-387v6v | 58 | July 2018 to November 2019 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. CER | 19–44 | 100 | 30–45 |  ≥ 35 | 12 months, 53.45 |
Phillips, 2021 [63] | Switzerland | NCT03241121 and SNCTP000002259 | 54 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. General diet |  ≥ 18 | 71.6 |  ≥ 30 | NA | 6 months, 24.07 |
Brady, 2021 [33] | Ireland | NA | 23 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. General diet | 29–44 | 0 | NA | NA | 2 months, 26.09 |
Steger, 2021 [67] | USA | NCT03696966 | 35 | June 2017 to October 2018 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | ADF vs. CER | 21–65 | 77.14 | 25–35 | NA | 3 months, 0 6 months, 0 |
Lowe, 2020 [20] | USA | NCT03393195 and NCT03637855 | 46 | August 2018 to June 2019 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. General diet | 18–64 | 44.0 | 27–43 | NA | 3 months, 0 |
Cienfuegos, 2020 [38] | USA | NCT03867773 | 54 | February 2019 to October 2019 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | TRE(20 h) vs. TRE(18 h) vs. General diet | 18–65 | 93.10 | 30–50 |  ≥ 35 | 2 months, 9.26 |
Martens, 2020 [57] | USA | NCT02970188 | 24 | June 2016 to December 2017 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, crossover | TRE vs. General diet | 55–79 | 54.5 | average 24.7 |  ≥ 25 | 6 weeks, 8.33 |
Pinto, 2020 [64] | UK | NCT02679989 | 45 | February to July 2016 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | STF vs. CER | 35–75 | 72.09 | average 31 |  ≥ 30 | 1 month, 4.44 |
Domaszewski, 2020 [42] | Poland | NA | 45 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. General diet |  ≥ 60 | 100 |  ≥ 25 | NA | 1.5 month, 6.66 |
Chow, 2020 [37] | USA | NCT03129581 | 22 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. General diet | 18–65 | 85 |  ≥ 25 |  ≥ 30 | 3 months, 9.09 |
Tinsley, 2019a [73] | USA | NCT03404271 | 40 | January to August 2018 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | TRE vs. TRE plus 3 g/d HMB (excluded) vs. General diet | 18–30 | 100 | NA | 15–29 | 2 months,40.00 |
Stekovic, 2019 [68] | Germany | NCT02673515 | 60 | NA | a prospective cohort study(excluded) with an embedded RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | ADF vs. General diet | 35–65 | NA | 22–30 | NA | 1 months, 5.00 |
Parvaresh, 2019 [62] | Iran | IRCT201509092395N8 | 70 | December 2015 to March 2016 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | ADF vs. CER | 25–60 | 40.0 | 25–40 |  ≥ 30 | 2 months, 1.43 |
Panizza, 2019 [61] | USA | NCT03639350 | 60 | September 2016 to October 2017 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | STF vs. General diet | 35–55 | 70.0 | 25–40 |  ≥ 30 | 3 months, 20.00 |
Hutchison, 2019 [51] | Australia | NCT01769976 | 88 | March 2013 to September 2015 | RCT, single center, 4 arms, parallel | ADF- energy restriction vs. ADF vs. CER vs. General diet | 35–70 | 88 | 25–42 |  ≥ 40 | 2 months, 11.36 |
Gabel, 2019 [45] | USA | NCT00960505 | 53 | October 2011 to January 2015 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | ADF vs. CER vs. General diet | 18–65 | 76 | 25–39.9 | NA | 6 months, NA 12 months, 18.87 |
Cho, 2019 [36] | South Korea | NCT03652532 | 48 | April 2014 to March 2016 | RCT, single center, 4 arms, parallel | ADF vs. General diet vs. Exercise(excluded) vs. ADF + Exercise (excluded) | 20–65 | NA |  > 23.0 |  ≥ 25 | 2 months, 27.08 |
Cai, 2019 [34] | China | ChiCTR1900024411 | 271 | 2018 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | ADF vs. TRE vs. CER | 18–65 | 75 |  > 24 | NA | 3 months, 2.58 |
Hirsh, 2019 [49] | USA | NCT03372109 | 23 | November 2017 to January 2018 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | STF vs. General diet | 21–65 | 60.87 | 25–29·9 | NA | 1.5 month, 4.34 |
Headland, 2019 [48] | Australia | ACTRN12614001041640 | 332 | August 2014 to September 2016 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | STF vs. CER vs. week-on-week-off energy restriction (excluded) | 18–72 | 83.13 |  ≥ 27 |  ≥ 40 | 2 months, 26.51 12 months, 56.02 |
Coutinho, 2018 [40] | Norway | NCT02169778 | 35 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | ADF vs. CER | 18–65 | 78.57 | 30–40 |  ≥ 35 | 3 month, 20.0 |
Sundfor, 2018 [70] | Norway | NCT02480504 | 112 | August 2015 to April 2017 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | STF vs. CER | 21–70 | 50.0 | 20–45 | NA | 3 months, 0.00 6 months, 2.68 12 months, 6.25 |
Schuebel, 2018 [66] | Germany | NCT02449148 | 150 | May 2015 to May 2016 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | STF vs. CER vs. General diet | 35–65 | 50.0 | 25–40 | NA | 3 months, 4.00 |
Mraović, 2018 [59] | Serbia | NA | 240 | January 2014 to May 2015 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | ADF vs. CER (20%) vs. CER (50%, excluded) | 20 40 | 100 | 25–44.9 |  ≥ 35 | 2 months, NA 5 months, NA 10 months, 60.00 |
Conley, 2018 [39] | Australia | ACTRN12614000396628 | 24 | May 2014 to April 2015 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | STF vs. CER | 55–75 | 0 |  ≥ 30 | NA | 3 months, 4.16 6 months, 4.16 |
Oh, 2018 [60] | South Korea | NCT03652532 | 45 | March to April and June to July 2014 | RCT, single center, 4 arms, parallel | ADF vs. General diet vs. Exercise (excluded) vs. ADF + Exercise (excluded) | 18–64 | 57.78 |  ≥ 23 |  ≥ 25 | 2 months, 22.22 |
Tinsley, 2017a [72] | USA | NA | 28 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. General diet |  ≥ 18 | 0 | NA |  ≥ 15 | 2 months, 35.71 |
Trepanowski, 2017 [74] | USA | NCT00960505 | 100 | October 1, 2011, to January 15, 2015 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | ADF vs. CER vs. General diet | 18–64 | 86.00 | 25–39.9 | NA | 6 months, 21.00 9 months. 31.00 |
Catenacci, 2016 [35] | USA | NA | 29 | December 2006 to May 2010 | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | ADF vs. CER | 18–55 | NA |  ≥ 30 |  ≥ 35 | 2 months, 10.34 |
Moro, 2016 [58] | Italy | NA | 34 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | TRE vs. General diet |  ≥ 18 | 0 | NA | NA | 2 months, 0.00 |
Harvie, 2013b [46] | UK | ISRCTN52913838 | 77 | September 2009 to January 2011 | RCT, single center, 3 arms, parallel | CER vs. STF vs. STF + ad libitum protein and fat (excluded) | 20–69 | 100 |  ≥ 24 | NA | 3 months, 14.29 |
Bhutani, 2013 [32] | USA | NA | 41 | NA | RCT, single center, 4 arms, parallel | ADF vs. General diet vs. Excersise (excluded) vs.ADF + exercise (excluded) | 25–65 | 96.39 | 30–39.9 | NA | 3 months, 21.95 |
Varady, 2013 [75] | USA | NA | 32 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | ADF vs. General diet | 35–65 | 73.33 | 20–29.9 | NA | 3 months, 6.25 |
Harvie, 2011b [47] | UK | ISRCTN52913838 | 107 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, parallel | STF vs. CER | 30–45 | 100 | 24–40 |  ≥ 35 | 3 months, 14.02 6 months, 16.82 |
Stote, 2007 [69] | USA | NA | 21 | NA | RCT, single center, 2 arms, crossover | TRE vs. General diet | 40–50 | 66.66 | 18–25 | NA | 2 months, 28.57 |