Table 1 Differences in the baseline characteristics of participants categorized by quintiles of DEF (n = 24,212)^a

Age, years

49.09 (48.85, 49.33)

47.60 (47.06, 48.14)

49.49 (48.90, 50.08)

50.21 (49.65, 50.77)

49.38 (48.79, 49.97)

49.06 (48.62, 49.49)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Male, n (%)

11,751 (48.5)

2500 (48.3)

2082 (48.9)

2230 (49.1)

1870 (48.1)

3069 (48.4)

0.873

0.871

Non-Hispanic white, n (%)

11,171 (46.1)

2015 (38.9)

1832 (43.0)

2134 (47.0)

1860 (47.8)

3330 (52.6)

 < 0.001

0.040

Body mass index, kg/m²

29.02 (28.93, 29.10)

29.86 (29.66, 30.05)

29.22 (29.01, 29.42)

29.12 (28.92, 29.31)

28.79 (28.58, 29.00)

28.26 (28.11, 28.42)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Current smoking, n (%)

10,504 (43.4)

2245 (43.3)

1816 (42.6)

1954 (43.0)

1692 (43.5)

2797 (44.2)

 < 0.001

0.081

Current drinking, n (%)

16,329 (67.4)

3232 (62.4)

2795 (65.6)

3107 (68.4)

2688 (69.1)

4507 (71.1)

 < 0.001

0.001

Regular exercise, n (%)

8245 (34.1)

1576 (30.4)

1364 (32.0)

1520 (33.5)

1358 (34.9)

2427 (38.3)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Above high school, n (%)

12,116 (50.0)

2133 (41.2)

1960 (46.0)

2311 (50.9)

2096 (53.9)

3616 (57.1)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 > 55,000 annual household income, n (%)

8367 (34.6)

1525 (29.4)

1343 (31.5)

1520 (33.5)

1403 (36.1)

2576 (40.7)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Sleep duration, hours

7.29 (7.26, 7.32)

7.35 (7.26, 7.43)

7.28 (7.22, 7.34)

7.33 (7.25, 7.41)

7.23 (7.16, 7.31)

7.24 (7.17, 7.30)

0.113

0.054

Night shift work, n (%)

711 (2.9)

172 (3.3)

110 (2.6)

127 (2.8)

121 (3.1)

181 (2.9)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Daily energy intake, kcal/d

1992.76 (1983.76, 2001.76)

1619.27 (1601.75, 1636.79)

1841.20 (1821.70, 1860.71)

1984.57 (1965.14, 2004.00)

2116.15 (2094.87, 2137.44)

2330.23 (2313.22, 2347.23)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Healthy eating index-2015

31.11 (31.00, 31.22)

29.86 (29.63, 30.09)

30.45 (30.20, 30.70)

30.96 (30.71, 31.21)

31.39 (31.12, 31.67)

32.53 (32.31, 32.74)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Dietary supplements use, n (%)

12,226 (50.5)

2151 (41.5)

2056 (48.2)

2293 (50.5)

2066 (53.1)

3660 (57.8)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Dietary data surveyed on weekend, n (%)

1147 (4.7)

285 (5.5)

192 (4.5)

208 (4.6)

202 (5.2)

260 (4.1)

0.005

0.106

Self-reported cancer, n (%)

2315 (9.6)

432 (8.3)

406 (9.5)

469 (10.3)

384 (9.9)

624 (9.9)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Self-reported hypertension, n (%)

8424 (34.8)

1802 (34.8)

1515 (35.5)

1675 (36.9)

1346 (34.6)

2086 (32.9)

 < 0.001

0.288

Self-reported cardiovascular diseases, n (%)

2581 (10.7)

580 (11.2)

475 (11.1)

557 (12.3)

419 (10.8)

550 (8.7)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Self-reported diabetes, n (%)

2956 (12.2)

683 (13.2)

570 (13.4)

594 (13.1)

452 (11.6)

657 (10.4)

 < 0.001

0.694

Daily eating frequency, times

4.13 (4.12, 4.14)

2.73 (2.72, 2.74)

3.50 (3.50, 3.50)

4.00 (4.00, 4.00)

4.50 (4.50, 4.50)

5.57 (5.55, 5.59)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Nighttime fasting duration, hours

12.72 (12.69, 12.76)

15.21 (15.14, 15.28)

13.25 (13.19, 13.31)

12.49 (12.44, 12.55)

11.91 (11.84, 11.97)

11.00 (10.95, 11.05)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L

135.23 (134.80, 135.66)

135.93 (134.93, 136.92)

135.19 (134.21, 136.17)

135.55 (134.47, 136.62)

134.49 (133.53, 135.45)

134.92 (134.07, 135.77)

0.307

0.650

Globulin, g/dL

2.96 (2.95, 2.96)

3.02 (3.00, 3.03)

2.96 (2.95, 2.98)

2.96 (2.95, 2.97)

2.95 (2.93, 2.96)

2.91 (2.90, 2.92)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Homeostatic dysregulation

1.68 (1.68, 1.69)

1.76 (1.74, 1.78)

1.73 (1.71, 1.75)

1.70 (1.67, 1.72)

1.64 (1.62, 1.67)

1.61 (1.59, 1.63)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Klemera-Doubal method, years

41.98 (41.76, 42.20)

41.82 (41.31, 42.34)

42.65 (42.09, 43.20)

42.91 (42.38, 43.43)

41.91 (41.36, 42.45)

41.04 (40.63, 41.44)

 < 0.001

0.001

Klemera-Doubal method residual, years

0.00 (-0.10, 0.10)

1.34 (1.11, 1.57)

0.24 (-0.02, 0.49)

-0.23 (-0.47, 0.01)

-0.36 (-0.61, -0.11)

-0.88 (-1.06, -0.69)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

PhenoAge, years

48.33 (48.07, 48.59)

47.46 (46.88, 48.04)

48.96 (48.33, 49.60)

49.49 (48.88, 50.09)

48.41 (47.78, 49.04)

47.73 (47.27, 48.20)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

PhenoAge residual, years

0.01 (-0.05, 0.07)

0.72 (0.58, 0.86)

0.18 (0.04, 0.33)

-0.07 (-0.21, 0.07)

-0.20 (-0.35, -0.06)

-0.49 (-0.61, -0.38)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Allostatic load

0.28 (0.28, 0.29)

0.30 (0.29, 0.30)

0.29 (0.28, 0.29)

0.29 (0.28, 0.29)

0.28 (0.28, 0.29)

0.27 (0.27, 0.27)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001