Table 1 Summary of baseline characteristics of participants

Children’s characteristics

Age, years Mean ± SD

5.0 ± 1.0

4.9 ± 0.9

4.6 ± 0.9

Boys, No. (%)

29 (59.2%)

23 (48.9%)

31 (60.8%)

Body mass index

16.1 ± 3.3

15.4 ± 2.2

15.6 ± 2.6

Number of siblings

0.7 ± 0.8

0.8 ± 0.6

0.9 ± 0.6

Eating habits, No. (%)

Breakfast

≤ 7 days/week

7 (14.3%)

5 (10.6%)

7 (13.7%)

7 days/week

42 (85.7%)

42 (89.4%)

44 (86.3%)

Fruit

< 1 serving/day

9 (18.4%)

9 (19.1%)

19 (37.3%)

1–2 servings/day

32 (65.3%)

32 (68.1%)

22 (43.1%)

≥ 3 servings/day

8 (16.3%)

6 (12.8%)

10 (19.6%)

Vegetables

< 1 serving/day

18 (36.7%)

9 (19.1%)

19 (37.3%)

1–2 servings/day

23 (46.9%)

28 (59.6%)

16 (31.4%)

≥ 3 servings/day

8 (16.3%)

10 (21.3%)

16 (31.4%)

Dairy products

< 1 serving/day

11 (22.4%)

12 (25.5%)

12 (23.5%)

1–2 servings/day

30 (61.2%)

27 (57.4%)

26 (51.0%)

≥ 3 servings/day

8 (16.3%)

8 (17.0%)

13 (25.5%)

High-energy-density foods

< 1 serving/day

23 (46.9%)

22 (46.8%)

25 (49.0%)

1–2 servings/day

19 (38.8%)

20 (42.6%)

15 (29.4%)

≥ 3 servings/day

7 (14.3%)

5 (10.6%)

11 (21.6%)

Wear time of accelerometer (min)

1242 ± 203

1235 ± 235

1226 ± 226

Parents’ characteristics

Age, years Mean ± SD

36.7 ± 4.8

37.2 ± 5.0

37.8 ± 6.1

Fathers, No. (%)

11 (22.4%)

2 (4.3%)

9 (17.6%)

Body mass index

22.1 ± 3.2

21.6 ± 3.6

21.5 ± 3.2

Parents’ education level, No. (%)

Below degree

26 (53.1%)

20 (42.6%)

22 (43.1%)

Degree or higher

23 (46.9%)

27 (57.4%)

29 (56.9%)

Family income, No. (%)

Low income

18 (36.7%)

10 (21.3%)

16 (32.0%)

Medium income

8 (16.3%)

11 (23.4%)

15 (30.0%)

High income

23 (46.9%)

26 (55.3%)

19 (38.0%)

Family size

4.3 ± 0.9

4.5 ± 1.1

4.5 ± 1.1

Family structure, No. (%)

Nuclear family

37 (75.5%)

35 (74.5%)

42 (82.4%)

Extended family

10 (20.4%)

10 (21.3%)

9 (17.6%)

Others

2 (4.1%)

2 (4.3%)

0 (0%)

Type of residence, No. (%)

Public rental housing

11 (22.4%)

13 (27.7%)

16 (31.4%)

Home ownership housing

6 (12.2%)

7 (14.9%)

7 (13.7%)

Private housing

25 (51.0%)

22 (46.8%)

22 (43.1%)

Others

7 (14.3%)

5 (10.6%)

6 (11.8%)