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Table 4 Main characteristics of the chrono-nutritional clusters stratified by sex (GCAT study, N = 7074)

From: Sex-specific chrono-nutritional patterns and association with body weight in a general population in Spain (GCAT study)

 

Women

Men

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

p

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

p

n

1,233 (29.5%)

1,986 (47.6%)

947 (22.9%)

 

949 (32.6%)

1,822 (62.7%)

137 (4.7%)

 

Age (mean(SD))

50.25 (6.66)

49.91 (6.72)

50.97 (7.12)

< 0.001

50.75 (7.37)

52.12 (7.10)

50.36 (7.25)

< 0.001

Menopause (%)

732 (59.4)

1147 (57.8)

591 (62.5)

0.052

 

rMEDScore (%)1

   

0.024

   

0.034

Low adherence

201 (16.3)

356 (17.9)

204 (21.5)

 

275 (29.0)

542 (29.7)

53 (38.7)

 

Medium adherence

583 (47.3)

931 (46.9)

438 (46.3)

 

480 (50.6)

916 (50.3)

70 (51.1)

 

High adherence

449 (36.4)

699 (35.2)

305 (32.2)

 

194 (20.4)

364 (20.0)

14 (10.2)

 

Energy intake (kcal/day)

1,915.22 (539.51)

1,990.71 (578.72)

1,867.94 (553.09)

<0.001

2,159.99 (623.34)

2,047.23 (599.16)

1,891.22 (563.67)

< 0.001

Education (university or higher) (%)

711 (57.7)

982 (49.4)

402 (42.4)

< 0.001

447 (47.1)

936 (51.4)

60 (43.8)

0.039

Employment status (%)

   

0.012

   

0.005

Paid or self-employed

980 (80.5)

1531 (78.2)

713 (76.0)

 

744 (79.3)

1435 (80.1)

105 (77.2)

 

Retired

55 (4.5)

85 (4.3)

65 (6.9)

 

84 (9.0)

199 (11.1)

8 (5.9)

 

In charge of the house/family

57 (4.7)

119 (6.1)

64 (6.8)

 

3 (0.3)

9 (0.5)

1 (0.7)

 

In a situation of unemployment

126 (10.3)

224 (11.4)

96 (10.2)

 

107 (11.4)

149 (8.3)

22 (16.2)

 

Chronotype (%)

   

< 0.001

   

0.02

Clearly morning

356 (29.3)

516 (26.4)

187 (20.3)

 

305 (32.9)

495 (27.8)

36 (27.3)

 

More morning than evening

437 (36.0)

660 (33.8)

281 (30.5)

 

327 (35.3)

667 (37.4)

40 (30.3)

 

More evening than morning

308 (25.4)

545 (27.9)

322 (35.0)

 

223 (24.1)

484 (27.2)

39 (29.5)

 

Clearly evening

112 (9.2)

231 (11.8)

131 (14.2)

 

71 (7.7)

136 (7.6)

17 (12.9)

 

Mental health score: poor mental health (< 60%)2

361 (29.3)

614 (30.9)

318 (33.6)

0.097

190 (20.0)

373 (20.5)

51 (37.2)

< 0.001

Alcohol g (mean (SD))

6.01 (7.41)

4.48 (6.48)

6.45 (8.52)

< 0.001

8.76 (10.97)

13.28 (14.39)

14.77 (16.18)

< 0.001

Smoking habit (%)

   

< 0.001

   

< 0.001

Current

185 (15.0)

258 (13.0)

201 (21.2)

 

101 (10.6)

255 (14.0)

33 (24.1)

 

Ex-smoker

538 (43.6)

909 (45.8)

389 (41.1)

 

421 (44.4)

830 (45.6)

64 (46.7)

 

Never

510 (41.4)

819 (41.2)

357 (37.7)

 

427 (45.0)

737 (40.5)

40 (29.2)

 

Physical activity [METS/week] (median (IQR))

60.8 [40.4, 90.8]

65.0 [42.6, 102.0]

60.1 [36.3, 87.2]

< 0.001

67.3 [41.8, 107.3]

58.7 [34.7, 96.8]

53.3 [27.8, 87.5]

< 0.001

Breakfast consumption (%)

1233 (100.0)

1985 (99.9)

864 (91.2)

< 0.001

946 (99.7)

1814 (99.6)

11 (8.0)

< 0.001

First meal before 8:30 h (%)

1223 (99.2)

1296 (65.3)

7 (0.7)

< 0.001

625 (65.9)

1085 (59.5)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

Time of first meal (median [IQR])

7:30 [7:00, 8:00]

8:00 [7:01, 9:00]

10:00 [9:00, 10:30]

< 0.001

8:00 [7:00, 9:00]

8:00 [7:30, 9:00]

14:00 [13:30, 14:30]

< 0.001

Time of last meal (mean (SD))

20:56 (0:40)

21:14 (0:49)

21:10 (0:40)

< 0.001

21:19 (0:53)

21:05 (0:38)

21:14 (1:00)

< 0.001

Fasting hours (median [IQR]

10:30 [10:00, 11:00]

11:00 [10:00, 12:00]

12:30 [12:00, 13:30]

< 0.001

10:45 [10:00, 12:00]

11:00 [10:15, 12:00]

17:00 [16:00, 17:30]

< 0.001

Hours between wake up and first meal (median [IQR])

0:30 [0:15, 1:00]

0:45 [0:15, 2:00]

3:00 [2:00, 4:00]

< 0.001

0:45 [0:20, 2:00]

1:00 [0:30, 2:30]

7:00 [6:00, 7:30]

< 0.001

Hours between last meal and sleep onset (mean (SD))

2:20 (0:49)

2:08 (0:53)

2:20 (0:50)

< 0.001

2:06 (0:59)

2:22 (0:50)

2:25 (1:03)

< 0.001

Eating midpoint (mean (SD))

14:13 (0:30)

14:43 (0:50)

15:39 (0:50)

< 0.001

14:44 (0:52)

14:44 (0:44)

17:36 (0:44)

< 0.001

Number of eating occasions (mean (SD))

2.99 (0.08)

4.07 (0.26)

2.94 (0.24)

< 0.001

4.07 (0.26)

2.99 (0.08)

2.20 (0.42)

< 0.001

BMI3(median [IQR])

25.15 [22.95, 28.51]

25.63 [23.18, 29.00]

25.47 [23.08, 28.77]

0.032

26.98 [24.78, 29.46]

27.07 [25.07, 29.74]

27.53 [25.14, 30.11]

0.153

Wake-up time (mean (SD))

6:52 (0.75)

6:58 (0.91)

7:07 (1.04)

< 0.001

6:52 (0.94)

6:57 (0.91)

7:05 (1.20)

0.007

Sleep time (mean (SD))

23:22 (0:49)

23:26 (0:49)

23:36 (0:54)

< 0.001

23:31 (0:50)

23:34 (0:49)

23:46 (1:03)

0.006

Sleep dissatisfaction3(%)

160 (13.0)

307 (15.5)

159 (16.8)

0.036

112 (11.8)

209 (11.5)

17 (12.4)

0.926

Sleep duration in hours (mean (SD))

7:30 (0:52)

7:31 (0:52)

7:31 (0:58)

0.779

7:20 (0:55)

7:23 (0:54)

7:19 (1:07)

0.301

  1. N, sample size; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range
  2. 1. rMED ranges from 0 to 18. Adherence levels were classified into: low (0–6), medium (7–10), and high (11–18)
  3. 2.Poor mental health is defined as a Mental Health Inventory score < 60%
  4. 3. Sleep dissatisfaction: frequency of participants that answer “no” to the question “are you satisfied with your sleep?”
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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