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Table 3 Multiple linear regression models assessing the relationship between meal and sleep timing variables and change in body mass index: longitudinal analysis (GCAT study 2018–2023)

From: Sex-specific chrono-nutritional patterns and association with body weight in a general population in Spain (GCAT study)

  

Exposures 1

 
  

Time of first meal

Fasting hours

Eating occasions

Sleep dissatisfaction

Sleep time

 

Overall (n = 3128)

 
 

Model 0 2

-0.01 [-0.06, 0.04]

-0.03 [-0.08, 0.01]

0.04 [–0.09, 0.17]

   
 

Model 1 3

0.09 [-0.01, 0.20]

-0.11 [-0.21, -0.01]

0.00 [-0.13, 0.14]

   
 

Model 2 4

0.12 [0.00, 0.24]

-0.13 [-0.24, -0.02]

0.00 [-0.14, 0.14]

0.09 [-0.15, 0.32]

-0.05 [-0.15, 0.05]

 

Men (n = 1238)

 
 

Model 1

0.15 [0.00, 0.29]

-0.17 [-0.31, -0.02]

-0.17 [-0.37, 0.04]

   
 

Model 2

0.18 [0.02, 0.34]

-0.19 [-0.35, -0.04]

-0.18 [-0.38, 0.03]

0.19 [-0.18, 0.55]

-0.07 [-0.21, 0.07]

 

Women (n = 1890)

 
 

Model 1

0.05 [-0.09, 0.20]

-0.08 [-0.22, 0.06]

0.09 [-0.09, 0.27]

   
 

Model 2

0.07 [-0.09, 0.24]

-0.10 [-0.25, 0.06]

0.09 [-0.10, 0.27]

0.04 [-0.27, 0.34]

-0.04 [-0.18, 0.10]

 

Premenopausal women (n = 797)

 
 

Model 1

-0.05 [-0.28, 0.19]

0.04 [-0.19, 0.28]

0.22 [-0.09, 0.52]

   
 

Model 2

0.03 [-0.23, 0.29]

-0.02 [-0.27, 0.23]

0.20 [-0.10, 0.51]

0.16 [-0.35, 0.68]

-0.15 [-0.37, 0.08]

 

Postmenopausal women (n = 1093)

 
 

Model 1

0.12 [-0.06, 0.31]

-0.17 [-0.35, 0.01]

0.00 [-0.23, 0.23]

   
 

Model 2

0.09 [-0.12, 0.30]

-0.14 [-0.34, 0.06]

0.01 [-0.22, 0.24]

-0.07 [-0.45, 0.31]

0.06 [-0.12, 0.23]

 
  1. N: sample size. Bold: statistically significant
  2. 1. Values are regression coefficients [95% confidence interval]. Coefficients should be interpreted for 1-hour increase for each time exposure, for eating occasions it should be interpreted as an increase in 1 eating occasion, for sleep dissatisfaction, it should be interpreted as a higher degree of dissatisfaction. Outcome: BMI. Multicollinearity test was performed, all GVIF < 10.
  3. 2. Model 0: Meal timing variables not mutually adjusted, i.e. three separate models. Adjustment variables: age, sex, adherence to Mediterranean diet, education, employment, mental health, smoking habit, physical activity, time of first meal, fasting hours, number of eating occasions, energy intake, and baseline BMI
  4. 3. Model 1 : same adjustment variables. Meal timing variables mutually adjusted in one sole model
  5. 4. Model 2 includes all the variables in Model 1 + sleep dissatisfaction and sleep time
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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