Table 1 Description of the study population, GCAT study, Catalonia, Spain (N = 7,074)

n

7074

4166

2908

2632

2987 (42.2%)

1455 (20.5%)

Age (mean (SD))

50.80 (7.01)

50.25 (6.81)

51.59 (7.23)

< 0.001

49.27 (6.94)

51.56 (6.96)

52.02 (6.77)

< 0.001

Sex (men)

2908 (41.1)

738 (28.0)

1502 (50.3)

668 (45.9)

< 0.001

Menopause (%)

2473 (59.3)

1007 (53.1)

971 (65.3)

495 (63.0)

< 0.001

rMEDScore (%)¹

< 0.001

< 0.001

Low adherence

1631 (23.1)

761 (18.3)

870 (29.9)

547 (20.8)

706 (23.6)

378 (26.0)

Medium adherence

3418 (48.3)

1952 (46.9)

1466 (50.4)

1231 (46.8)

1469 (49.2)

718 (49.3)

High adherence

2025 (28.6)

1453 (34.9)

572 (19.7)

854 (32.4)

812 (27.2)

359 (24.7)

Energy intake (kcal/day) (mean (SD))

1996.46 (586.57)

1940.46 (563.73)

2076.68 (609.01)

< 0.001

1987.93 (575.13)

1996.24 (585.00)

2012.34 (609.90)

0.444

High education

3538 (50.0)

2095 (50.3)

1443 (49.6)

0.598

1490 (56.6)

1416 (47.4)

632 (43.4)

< 0.001

Employment status

< 0.001

< 0.001

Paid or self-employed

5508 (78.9)

3224 (78.3)

2284 (79.7)

2162 (83.0)

2284 (77.7)

1062 (73.8)

Retired

496 (7.1)

205 (5.0)

291 (10.2)

114 (4.4)

251 (8.5)

131 (9.1)

In charge of the house/family

253 (3.6)

240 (5.8)

13 (0.5)

92 (3.5)

102 (3.5)

59 (4.1)

Unemployment

724 (10.4)

446 (10.8)

278 (9.7)

236 (9.1)

301 (10.2)

187 (13.0)

Chronotype

< 0.001

0.003

Clearly morning

1895 (27.4)

1059 (25.9)

836 (29.4)

743 (28.8)

805 (27.5)

347 (24.4)

More morning than evening

2412 (34.8)

1378 (33.7)

1034 (36.4)

887 (34.4)

1055 (36.1)

470 (33.1)

More evening than morning

1921 (27.7)

1175 (28.8)

746 (26.3)

691 (26.8)

787 (26.9)

443 (31.2)

Clearly evening

698 (10.1)

474 (11.6)

224 (7.9)

261 (10.1)

276 (9.4)

161 (11.3)

Mental health score: poor mental health (< 60%)²

1907 (27.0)

1293 (31.0)

614 (21.1)

< 0.001

696 (26.4)

764 (25.6)

447 (30.7)

0.001

Alcohol g/d (mean (SD))

8.05 (10.87)

5.38 (7.31)

11.88 (13.64)

< 0.001

6.83 (8.70)

8.78 (11.04)

8.77 (13.52)

< 0.001

Smoking habit (%)

0.051

< 0.001

Current

1033 (14.6)

644 (15.5)

389 (13.4)

398 (15.1)

427 (14.3)

208 (14.3)

Former-smoker

3151 (44.5)

1836 (44.1)

1315 (45.2)

1087 (41.3)

1348 (45.1)

716 (49.2)

Never

2890 (40.9)

1686 (40.5)

1204 (41.4)

1147 (43.6)

1212 (40.6)

531 (36.5)

Physical activity (METS/wk) (median [IQR])

61.54 [39.67, 97.05]

62.12 [40.81, 94.39]

60.90 [36.89, 99.51]

0.037

65.30 [42.59, 99.94]

62.67 [40.23, 98.83]

53.99 [32.15, 86.76]

< 0.001

Breakfast consumption (%)

6853 (96.9)

4082 (98.0)

2771 (95.3)

< 0.001

2559 (97.2)

2891 (96.8)

1403 (96.4)

0.346

First meal before 8:30 h (%)

4236 (59.9)

2526 (60.6)

1710 (58.8)

0.128

1676 (63.7)

1765 (59.1)

795 (54.6)

< 0.001

Time of first meal (median [IQR])

8:00 [7:19, 9:30]

8:00 [7:15, 9:19]

8:00 [7:30, 9:30]

0.115

8:00 [7:15, 9:00]

8:00 [7:30, 9:15]

8:30 [7:30, 9:30]

< 0.001

Time of last meal (mean (SD))

21:08 (0:45)

21:07 (0:45)

21:10 (0:46)

0.011

21:06 (0:43)

21:14 (0:48)

21:08 (0:45)

< 0.001

Fasting hours (median [IQR])

11:00 [10:00, 12:00]

11:00 [10:00, 12:10]

11:00 [10:00, 12:00]

0.874

11:00 [10:00, 12:00]

11:00 [10:00, 12:00]

11:15 [10:00, 12:30]

0.067

Hours between wake up and first meal (median [IQR] )

1:00 [0:30, 2:30]

1:00 [0:25, 2:30]

1:00 [0:30, 2:30]

0.001

0:55 [0:20, 2:30]

1:00 [0:30, 2:30]

1:00 [0:30, 2:30]

0.002

Hours between last meal and sleep (mean (SD))

2:15 (0:53)

2:14 (0:52)

2:17 (0:54)

0.025

2:15 (0:48)

2:16 (1:00)

2:16 (0:53)

0.639

Eating midpoint (mean (SD))

14:49 (0:57)

14:47 (0:55)

14:52 (0:59)

< 0.001

14:44 (0:56)

14:55 (0:58)

14:59 (0:56)

< 0.001

Number of eating occasions (mean (SD))

3.42 (0.60)

3.49 (0.59)

3.31 (0.59)

< 0.001

3.44 (0.59)

3.43 (0.62)

3.40 (0.59)

0.033

Wake-up time (mean (SD))

6:57 (0:55)

6:58 (0:54)

6:56 (0:56)

0.09

6:55 (0:52)

7:00 (1:00)

6:58 (0:55)

0.007

Sleep time (mean (SD))

23:30 (0:50)

23:27 (0:50)

23:34 (0:50)

< 0.001

23:26 (0:46)

23:35 (0:58)

23:30 (0:50)

< 0.001

Sleep dissatisfaction³(%)

964 (13.6)

626 (15.0)

338 (11.6)

< 0.001

355 (13.5)

386 (12.9)

223 (15.3)

0.087

Sleep duration in hours (mean (SD))

7:27 (0:54)

7:30 (0:53)

7:22 (0:55)

< 0.001

7:28 (0:51)

7:26 (0:59)

7:27 (0:55)

0.342

BMI⁴(median [IQR])

26.23 [23.78, 29.30]

25.43 [23.09, 28.80]

27.06 [24.95, 29.71]

< 0.001

23.11 [21.83, 24.09]

27.08 [26.02, 28.40]

32.68 [31.09, 35.08]