Table 3 Random and fixed effects on older adults’ compliance with EMA

Study-level variance

0.13 (0.36)

6.99%

Person-level variance

1.70 (1.30)

91.40%

Day-level variance

0.03 (0.18)

1.61%

Within-day-level variance

0.00 (0.04)

0.00%

Likelihood Ratio test

χ2 (3) = 1179.50; p < 0.001

Type of Likelihood Ratio test

Random effects

Fixed part

Four-level logistic mixed models

Interpersonal factors

OR

p

95% CI

Socio-demographic factors

Age (years)

0.96

0.01

0.93, 0.99

Gender (ref: men)

Women

1.08

0.68

0.75, 1.54

Educational level (ref: high)

Low

Middle

1.03

0.93

0.92

0.72

0.62, 1.71

0.64, 1.38

Marital status (ref: alone)

Married or cohabiting

1.83

< 0.01

1.21, 2.77

Occupation (ref: white-collar)

Blue-collar

Household

Other

0.47

1.43

0.56

0.05

0.29

0.22

0.45, 1.00

0.34, 1.32

0.27, 1.71

BMI (kg/m²) – continuous

0.97

0.22

0.93, 1.02

Smartphone ownership (ref: no)

4.43

< 0.001

2.22, 8.83

Intrapersonal factors

Day of the week (ref: weekday)

Weekend day

0.89

0.09

0.78, 1.02

Period of the day (ref: morning)

Afternoon

Evening

1.04

0.82

0.58

0.02

0.90, 1.20

0.69, 0.97