Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression

Mino, Eriselda; Pfeifer, Klaus; Hanson, Coral L.; Schuler, Michael; Brandmeier, Anna; Klamroth, Sarah; Naber, Inga; Weissenfels, Anja; McHale, Sheona; Abu-Omar, Karim; Gelius, Peter; Whiting, Stephen; Wickramasinghe, Kremlin; Galea, Gauden; Geidl, Wolfgang

doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01623-5

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 3 The relationship between PARS components and effect on physical activity level, uptake, and adherence rate determined by meta-regression

From: Are physical activity referral scheme components associated with increased physical activity, scheme uptake, and adherence rate? A meta-analysis and meta-regression

Component	PARS with the component	PARS without the component	Regression coefficient (B)	SE	P value	R² (%)	I² (%)
PA level (k = 25 RCTs)
Person-centered approach	9	16	0.11	0.06	0.08	21.1	27.8
Individualized content	14	11	0.04	0.06	0.51	0.0	38.2
Behavior change theory	12	13	-0.03	0.06	0.60	0.0	35.5
Behavior change techniques	16	9	0.07	0.07	0.33	4.6	32.3
Screening	6	19	0.11	0.06	0.07	20.6	27.7
Brief advice	6	19	0.03	0.07	0.65	0.0	34.0
Written materials	6	19	-0.11	0.07	0.13	0.0	33.1
Written prescription	10	15	0.07	0.06	0.28	6.7	31.0
Referral	8	17	-0.01	0.07	0.93	0.0	35.6
Baseline consultation	13	12	0.00	0.06	0.95	0.0	35.4
Exit consultation	7	18	-0.10	0.06	0.13	17.6	27.7
Counseling support session(s)	8	17	0.01	0.07	0.88	0.0	36.6
Structured follow-up	7	18	0.07	0.06	0.26	0.0	32.9
PA sessions	9	16	-0.07	0.06	0.32	1.5	31.8
Exit strategies/routes	8	17	-0.06	0.07	0.35	0.0	32.9
Number of components	-	-	-0.00	0.01	0.49	0.0	35.2
PARS uptake (k = 28)
Person-centered approach	10	18	0.12	0.11	0.29	0.0	99.5
Individualized content	21	7	0.08	0.12	0.53	0.0	99.6
Behavior change theory	9	19	0.07	0.11	0.56	0.0	99.5
Behavior change techniques	16	12	0.17	0.10	0.11	0.0	99.5
Screening	11	17	0.16	0.10	0.14	0.0	99.5
Brief advice	5	23	-0.02	0.14	0.90	0.0	99.5
Written prescription	13	15	0.06	0.52	0.61	31.3	99.2
Referral	20	8	-0.00	0.12	0.99	32.3	99.2
Number of components	-	-	0.04	0.02	0.02*	3.72	99.5
PARS adherence (k = 34)
Person-centered approach	12	20	0.17	0.08	0.04*	21.5	98.7
Individualized content	26	8	0.05	0.10	0.60	0.0	99.1
Behavior change theory	14	20	0.10	0.08	0.25	0.0	99.1
Behavior change techniques	21	13	0.15	0.08	0.07	0.0	99.1
Screening	15	19	0.23	0.07	0.003**	30.4	98.6
Brief advice	8	26	0.25	0.09	0.008**	22.3	98.7
Written prescription	16	18	0.13	0.08	0.11	0.0	99.1
Referral	23	11	-0.06	0.09	0.48	0.0	99.1
Baseline consultation	19	15	-0.06	0.08	0.47	0.0	99.1
Exit consultation	15	19	-0.12	0.08	0.13	0.0	99.1
Counseling support session(s)	15	19	0.03	0.08	0.71	0.0	99.0
Structured follow-up	8	26	0.17	0.09	0.07	20.6	98.8
PA sessions	23	11	-0.20	0.08	0.02*	22.8	98.7
Action for non-attendance	5	29	-0.02	0.12	0.84	0.0	99.1
Number of components	-	-	0.02	0.01	0.15	0.0	99.1

Studies included in the PA meta-regression are RCTs. Studies included in uptake and adherence rate meta-regression are experimental and non-experimental combined, where also RCTs contribute with observational data
Regression coefficient B The difference in Hedges’ g between PARS with and without the component used as a predictor variable, SE Standard error of B, p value Significance of B, R² The amount of heterogeneity explained from the component used as a predictor variable, I² Residual heterogeneity not accounted for by the component, n Number of participants
^*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

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