Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies

Aittasalo et al. 2006 [40]

Finland

RCT

NCDs or at risk

203

154

20-65

(47±11)

One-time

Usual care

0

x

-

-

Andersen et al. 2020 [41]

Sweden

Observational follow up

NCDs

355†/400

276

18-90

(62±14)

1 year

Standard

PARS

12

x

x

-

Bellanger et al. 2023 [39]

France

RCT

NCDs or at risk

121

55

IG: 59±8

CG: 60±9

12 months

Advice

12

x

-

-

Bredahl et al. 2011 [42]

Denmark

Quasi-experimental

NCDs or at risk

125†/337

231

54±12

10 months

-

0

x

-

-

Buckley et al. 2020 [43]

UK

Quasi-experimental

NCDs

52†

/68

25

IG: 57±12

CG: 53±16

18 weeks

-

2

x

x

x

Crone et al. 2008 [44]

UK

Observational study

Physical or mental health problems

2901

1636

51±14

42±14

8-12 weeks

-

0

-

x

x

Dinan et al. 2006 [45]

UK

Prospective cohort study

NCDs or at risk

242

-

-

8 weeks

-

-

-

x

x

Dodd-Reynolds et al. 2020 [46]

UK

Embedded mixed-methods

Overweight, obese

950†

/3600

2487

51±15

24 weeks

-

0

x

x

x

Duda et al. 2014 [47]

UK

Cluster RCT

NCDs

347

253

<30-65+

3 months

Standard

PARS

0

x

-

-

Edmunds et al. 2007 [48]

UK

Observational study

Overweight, obese

49

41

44±14

12 weeks

-

0

-

-

x

Elley et al. 2003 [49]

New Zealand

Cluster RCT

CHD/CVD risk

878

582

40-79

(IG: 57± 10)

(CG: 58±11)

3 months

Usual care

9

x

x

x

Foley et al. 2011 [50]

New Zealand

Comparative analysis

NCDs or at risk

5441

-

59±14

3-4 months

-

0

-

x

x

Fortier et al. 2011 [51]

Canada

RCT

NCDs

120

83

18-69

(47±11)

13 weeks

Standard

PARS

0

x

x

x

Gademan et al. 2012 [52]

Netherlands

Non-RCT

Multi-ethnic disadvantaged

121†

/514

-

IG: 45±10

CG: 41±12

6 months

-

0

x

x

x

Galaviz et al. 2013 [53]

Canada

Pre-post with controls

Obese

12†

/35

12†

25-45

8 weeks

-

0

x

-

-

Gallegos-Carrillo et al. 2017 [54]

Mexico

Cluster RCT

Mild hypertension > 5 years

177

163

35-70

(IG: 50±1)

(CG: 51±0)

16 weeks

Advice

2

x

x

x

Hanson et al. 2013 [55]

UK

Observational cohort study

NCDs

638†

/2233

1327

16-75

(53±15)

24 weeks

-

0

x

x

x

Hanson et al. 2021 [56]

UK

Longitudinal mixed-methods

NCDs

92†

/136

65

<50-70+

PARS

-

3

x

x

x

Harrison et al. 2005a [57]

UK

RCT

CHD risk

330†

/545

363

18-60+

12 weeks

Standard PARS

3

x

-

-

Harrison et al. 2005b [58]

UK

Prospective register-based

NCDs or at risk

6610

4016

51±12

12 weeks

-

-

-

x

-

Hesketh et al. 2021 [59]

UK

Pragmatic trial

NCDs

67†

/154

27

48±11

12 weeks

-

0

-

x

x

Isaacs et al. 2007 [60]

UK

RCT

CVD risk

606

421

40-74

(57±8)

10 weeks

Advice

4

x

x

x

James et al. 2017 [61]

Australia

Pragmatic RCT

NCDs

203

143

20-85

(57±13)

13 weeks

Usual care

0

x

x

x

Kallings et al. 2009a [62]

Sweden

uncontrolled clinical trial

NCDs or at risk

240

180

51±13

One-time

-

6

-

-

x

Kallings et al. 2009b [63]

Sweden

RCT

Overweight, abdominal obesity

101

43

67-68

One-time

Usual care

6

x

-

-

Kolt et al. 2012 [64]

New Zealand

RCT

NCDs or at risk

278

178

≤65

(73+6)

3 months

Standard

PARS

0

x

-

x

Lawton et al. 2008 [65]

New Zealand

RCT

NCDs

1089

1089

40-79

(58±7)

9 months

Usual care

3

x

x

x

Leijon et al. 2010 [66]

Sweden

Prospective cohort study

NCDs or at risk

2612†

/3300

1740

54±14

PARS

-

3

-

-

x

Livingston et al. 2015 [67]

Australia

Cluster RCT

prostate cancer

147

0

39-84

(65±8)

12 weeks

Usual care

0

x

-

x

Lord et al. 1995 [68]

UK

Pre-post

CVD risk

419

198

18-65

10 weeks

-

-

-

x

x

Lundqvist et al. 2020 [69]

Sweden

RCT

Metabolic risk factors

190

94

27-77

(57±10)

2 years

Standard PARS

0

x

-

x

Martín-Borràs et al. 2018 [70]

Spain

RCT

NCDs

422

257

18-85

(IG: 69±8)

(CG: 68±8)

3 months

Usual care

3

x

-

x

Morén et al. 2016 [71]

Sweden

RCT

Acute TIA

60

47

49-90

(IG: 69±9)

(CG: 72±8)

6 months

Usual care

0

x

-

-

Murphy et al. 2012 [72]

UK

Pragmatic RCT

NCDs

1795

1415

16-88

(52±14)

12 months

Usual care

0

x

x

x

Pardo et al. 2014 [73]

Spain

Longitudinal study

NCDs

242†

/323

239

45-80

(62±8)

6 months

-

0

x

-

x

Petrella et al. 2010 [74]

Canada

Cluster RCT

Healthy community dwelling adults

329

206

55-85

(64±7)

PARS

Standard

PARS

0

x

-

-

Pfeiffer et al. 2001 [75]

USA

RCT

NCDs

49

44

62-92

(74±1)

PARS

Advice

1.5

x

-

-

Prior et al. 2019 [76]

UK

Longitudinal study

NCDs or at risk

271

153

57±14

6 months

-

0

x

x

x

Riera-Sampol et al. 2020 [77]

Spain

RCT

CVD risk

263

153

35-75

(62±8)

12 months

Standard PARS‡

0

x

-

-

Romé et al. 2009 [78]

Sweden

RCT

NCDs

245†

/525

168†

20-80

(IG: 55±12,

CG: 54±13)

4 months

Standard PARS

0

x

x

x

Samdal et al. 2019 [79]

Norway

Pragmatic RCT

NCDs or at risk

81†

/118

91

48±13

3 months

Usual care

3

x

-

-

Sjöling et al. 2011 [80]

Sweden

Pre-post with repeated measures

Mild to moderate hypertension

31

11

43-71

(61±7)

15 months

-

0

x

-

-

Sørensen et al. 2008 [81]

Denmark

RCT

NCDs

42

31

53

(95%CI: 49-57)

10 months

Standard

PARS

0

x

x

x

Sørensen et al. 2011 [82]

Denmark

Observational follow up study

NCDs or at risk

449

264

57±11

10 months

-

0

x

-

-

Stewart et al. 2017 [83]

UK

Longitudinal repeated measures

NCDs

226†

/407

243

16-75+

12 weeks

-

0

x

x

x

Swinburn et al. 1998 [84]

New Zealand

RCT

NCDs

456

281

49±15

PARS

Advice

1.5

x

-

-

Taylor et al. 1998 [85]

UK

RCT

NCDs risk

67†

/142

38†

40-70

(IG: 54±0)

(CG: 54±1)

10 weeks

Usual care

1.5

x

x

x

Taylor et al. 2020 [86]

UK

Pragmatic RCT

NCDs

232

152

18-75

(51±13)

12 months

Standard PARS

0

x

x

-

Van de Vijver et al. 2022 [87]

Netherlands

Uncontrolled follow-up study

NCDs or at risk

106

≥50

-

1 year

-

0

-

x

x

Ward et al. 2010 [88]

UK

Pre-post

NCDs

127†

/279

187

24-88

12 months

-

0

x

-

x

Webb et al. 2016 [89]

UK

Cohort study

NCDs

11†

/14

7

56±3

16 weeks

-

Mid-scheme

x

-

x

Williams et al. 2017 [90]

New Zealand

RCT

Type 2 diabetes

138

86

30-86

6 months

-

-

-

x

-