Table 1 Descriptive baseline characteristics of the study population^*

Age (mean, SD)

 Baseline

7.9

(0.9)

7.7

(0.9)

 < 0.001

 Follow-up

8.9

(0.9)

8.7

(0.7)

 < 0.001

Sex (n, %)

 Male

424

(42.4)

490

(49.9)

0.002

 Female

576

(57.6)

492

(50.1)

Ethnicity (n, %)

 BAME

629

(66.3)

572

(59.8)

 < 0.001

 White

320

(33.7)

384

(40.2)

Employment status (n, %)

 Full-time

279

(32.2)

317

(34.9)

0.038

 Part-time

224

(25.9)

231

(25.4)

 Unemployed

126

(14.5)

119

(13.1)

 Other

237

(27.4)

241

(26.5)

Occupational category (n, %)

 Professional/Managerial

368

(56.0)

310

(45.7)

0.007

 Skilled

96

(14.6)

112

(16.5)

 Unskilled

70

(10.7)

79

(11.7)

 Other

123

(18.7)

177

(26.1)

Distance to school (n, %)

 Near (≤ 0.78 km)

405

(48.0)

296

(45.6)

0.008

 Far (> 0.78 km)

438

(52.0)

353

(54.4)

Vehicle ownership** (n, %)

 Yes

461

(54.1)

798

(89.7)

 < 0.001

 No

391

(45.9)

92

(10.3)

Crime Quintile (n, %)

 1 (highest crime)

262

(31.1)

193

(29.3)

 < 0.001

 2

254

(30.2)

205

(31.2)

 3

141

(16.7)

171

(26.0)

 4

97

(11.5)

73

(11.1)

 5 (lowest crime)

88

(10.5)

16

(2.4)

IDACI Quintile (n, %)

 1 (highest level of deprivation)

498

(59.1)

121

(18.4)

 < 0.001

 2

225

(26.7)

227

(34.5)

 3

58

(6.9)

190

(28.9)

 4

29

(3.4)

101

(15.3)

 5 (lowest level of deprivation)

32

(3.8)

19

(2.9)