Table 1 Overview of characteristics of trials
Study | Population | Exercise characteristics | Meal characteristics | Absolute Energy Intake in kcal (mean ± SD) Statistically significant change in intake (↑, ↓, ↔) | Macronutrients Statistically significant change in Intake (↑, ↓, ↔) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ajibewa et al. 2017 [58] | n: 26 (NR) Age: 7 – 11 y BMI: normal weight, not further specified. | Modality: Static stretching, standing and yoga poses Duration: 20 x 2 min Intensity: Resting heart rate + heart rate reserve * 25% EE: NR | Pre-Intervention: Three standardized meals Post-Intervention: One meal ad libitum | CON: 999 ± 62 (SE) EX: 982 ± 50 (SE) ↔ | NR |
Modality: Push-ups, sit-ups, and age-appropriate calisthenics Duration: 20 x 2 min Intensity: Resting heart rate + heart rate reserve * 50% EE: NR | CON: 999 ± 62 (SE) EX: 926 ± 63 (SE) ↔ | ||||
Modality: Vigorous calisthenics (e.g., jumping jacks) Duration: 20 x 2 min Intensity: Resting heart rate + heart rate reserve * 75% EE: NR | CON: 999 ± 62 (SE) EX: 1016 ± 76 (SE) ↔ | ||||
n: 13 (NR) Age: 7 – 11 y BMI: obese, not further specified. | Modality: Static stretching, standing and yoga poses Duration: 20 x 2 min Intensity: Resting heart rate + heart rate reserve * 25% EE: NR | CON: 1145 ± 88 (SE) EX: 1204 ± 71 (SE) ↔ |  | ||
Modality: Push-ups, sit-ups, and age-appropriate calisthenics Duration: 20 x 2 min Intensity: Resting heart rate + heart rate reserve * 50% EE: NR | CON: 1145 ± 88 (SE) EX: 1066 ± 89 (SE) ↔ | ||||
Modality: Vigorous calisthenics (e.g., jumping jacks) Duration: 20 x 2 min Intensity: Resting heart rate + heart rate reserve * 75% EE: NR | CON: 1145 ± 88 (SE) EX: 1261 ± 103 (SE) ↔ | ||||
Bozinovski et al. 2009 [59] | n: 29 (14 m, 15 f) Age: 12.1 ± 0.4 y BMI: 54.3rd ± 5.3 percentile | Modality: Treadmill Duration: 15 min Intensity: Ventilation Threshold EE: 63 ± 7 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast Post-intervention: 250mL water, pizza meal ad libitum 30 min post-exercise | CON: 1078 ± 101 (SE) EX: 1060 ± 103 (SE) ↔ | NR |
Modality: Treadmill Duration: 45 min Intensity: Ventilation Threshold EE: 189 ± 14 kcal | CON: 1078 ± 101 (SE) EX: 1101 ± 92 (SE) ↔ | ||||
Fearnbach et al. 2016 [60] | n: 15 m Age: 13.8 ± 1.5 y BMI: 31.8 ± 4.2 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 45 min Intensity: 65% VO2max EE: 399 ± 75 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 1116 ± 243 EX: 1037 ± 260 ↓ | Protein (%) CON: 29.4 ± 7.2 EX: 30.5 ± 6.7 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Buffet meal ad libitum 30 min post-exercise | Fat (%) CON: 16.5 ± 4.2 EX: 16.6 ± 4.2 ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 53.4 ± 11.0 EX: 52.3 ± 10.5 ↔ | |||||
Fearnbach, Masterson et al. 2016 [61] | n: 20 (12 m, 8 f) Age: 10.3 ± 1.1 y BMI: 41.6 ± 21.7 percentile | Modality: Cycling Duration: 30 min Intensity: 70% VO2max EE: 534 ± 263 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 2088 ± 497 EX: 2171 ± 566 ↔ | Protein (kcal) CON: 196 ± 67 EX: 207 ± 68 ↑ |
Post-Intervention: Standardized snack; lunch and dinner meal ad libitum, timing not reported | Fat (kcal) CON: 655 ± 155 EX: 694 ± 181 ↑ | ||||
CHO (kcal) CON: 1235 ± 295 EX: 1269 ± 337 ↔ | |||||
Fearnbach, Silvert et al. 2017 [62] | n: 14 m Age: 13.9 ± 1.1 y BMI: 31.6 ± 4.5 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 45 min Intensity: 65% VO2max EE: 373 ± 57 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 1091 ± 252 EX: 965 ± 214 ↓ | Protein (%) CON: 31.1 ± 5.5 EX: 31.8 ± 4.8 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Buffet meal ad libitum 30 min post-exercise | Fat (%) CON: 17.5 ± 3.2 EX: 17.1 ± 3.3 ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 50.8 ± 8.3 EX: 50.4 ± 7.7 ↔ | |||||
n: 14 m Age: 13.7 ± 1.1 y BMI: 19.2 ± 3.2 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 45 min Intensity: 65% VO2max EE: 241 ± 93 kcal |  | CON: 854 ± 362 EX: 744 ± 246 ↔ | Protein (%) CON:28.0 ± 7.2 EX: 28.1 ± 5.3 ↔ | |
Fat (%) CON: 16.4 ± 4.9 EX: 16.1 ± 4 ↔ | |||||
CHO (%) CON: 55.1 ± 11.1 EX: 52.2 ± 8.6 ↔ | |||||
Fillon et al. 2020 [63] | n: 18 (12 m, 6 f) Age: 12.7 ± 1.3 y BMI: 33.3 ± 6.5 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 30 min Intensity: 65% VO2max EE: 169 ± 44 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 2175 ± 330 EX: 2277 ± 476 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: 21.3 ± 2.5 EX: 21.0 ± 2.0 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Buffet lunch meal ad libitum 30 min post- exercise; dinner buffet meal ad libitum | Fat (%) CON: 30.7 ± 5.8 EX: 31.2 ± 4.8 ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 47.8 ± 7.4 EX: 47.4 ± 6.1 ↔ | |||||
Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 2175 ± 330 EX: 1925 ± 360 ↓ | Protein (%) CON: 21.3 ± 2.5 EX: 20.6 ± 2.3 ↔ | |||
Fat (%) CON: 30.7 ± 5.8 EX: 30.5 ± 5.7 ↔ | |||||
Post-Intervention: Buffet lunch meal ad libitum 90 min post- exercise; dinner buffet meal ad libitum | CHO (%) CON: 47.8 ± 7.4 EX: 48.7 ± 7.3 ↔ | ||||
Fillon, Beaulieu et al. 2020 [64] | n: 17 (9 m, 8 f) Age: 12.8 ± 1.4 y BMI: 33.4 ± 5.7 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 30 min Intensity: 65% VO2max EE: 135 kcal ± NR | Pre-Intervention: Not clearly reported Post-Intervention: Lunch ad libitum immediately post- exercise; dinner buffet ad libitum | CON: 1997 ± 514 EX: 1939 ± 501 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: NR EX: NR ↔ |
Fat (%) CON: NR EX: NR ↔ | |||||
CHO (%) CON: NR EX: NR ↔ | |||||
Fillon, Mathieu et al. 2020 [65] | n: 15 (6 m, 9 f) Age: 13.1 ± 1.4 y BMI: 34.7 ± 6.0 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 30 min Intensity: 65% VO2max EE: 186 ± 52 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 2004 ± 430 EX: 1948 ± 416 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: 22.0 ± 2.5 EX: 24.1 ± 3.7 ↔ |
Post-Intervention:Lunch meal ad libitum180 min post-exercise;dinner buffet meal adlibitum | Fat (%) CON: 30.8 ± 4.8 EX: 27.1 ± 7.0 ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 46.9 ± 6.4 EX: 48.7 ± 8.9 ↔ | |||||
Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 2004 ± 430 EX: 1820 ± 459↔ | Protein (%) CON: 22.0 ± 2.5 EX: 23.5 ± 3.7 ↑ | |||
Post-Intervention: Lunch meal ad libitum 60 min post-exercise; dinner buffet meal ad libitum | Fat (%) CON: 30.8 ± 4.8 EX: 26.7 ± 8.1 ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 46.9 ± 6.4 EX: 49.0 ± 10.5 ↔ | |||||
Masurier et al. 2018 [66] | n: 20 f Age: 13.3 ± 1.0 y BMI: 31.6 ± 3.9 kg/m² | Modality: cycling Duration: 20 min Intensity: Ventilation Threshold (54.1 ± 5.4% of VO2max) EE: 117 ± 22 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 738 ± 320 EX: 854 ± 450 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: 16.3 ± 4.2 EX: 18.2 ± 4.5 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Buffet meal ad libitum 30 min post-exercise | Fat (%) CON: 9.7 ± 2.6 EX: 11.5 ± 11.5 ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 71.1 ± 13.1 EX: 69.9 ± 7.4 ↔ | |||||
Modality: Cycling Duration: 40 min Intensity: Ventilation Threshold (54.1 ± 5.4% of VO2max) EE: 235 ± 44 kcal | CON: 738 ± 320 EX: 806 ± 375 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: 16.3 ± 4.2 EX: 17.5 ± 3.2 ↔ | |||
Fat (%) CON: 9.7 ± 2.6 EX: 11.1 ± 2.7 ↔ | |||||
CHO (%) CON: 71.1 ± 13.1 EX: 71.0 ± 5.4 ↔ | |||||
Miguet et al. 2018 [67] | n: 33 (12 m, 21 f) Age: 13.0 ± 0.9 y BMI: 35 ± 4.3 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 15 min (5x 2 min high, 30 sec. Low intensity) Intensity: High intensity intervals EE: 102 ± 21 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 2177 ± 471 EX: 2062 ± 460 ↓ | Protein (%) CON: 22.6 ± 3.4 EX: 22.7 ± 3.3 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum 30 min post-exercise; dinner buffet ad libitum | Fat (%) CON: 32.7 ± 6.1 EX: 31.9 ± 5.9 ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 45.3 ± 7.1 EX: 46.1 ± 7.03 ↔ | |||||
Morris et al. 2018 [68] | n: 10 (5 m, 5 f) Age: 9.8 ± 0.6 y BMI: 18.3 ± 2.6 kg/m² | Modality: Sprints Duration: 22 min (8 x 30 sec) Intensity: high intensity intervals EE: NR | Pre-Intervention: Same breakfast on both experimental days | CON: 500 ± 69 EX: 492 ± 84 ↔ | Protein (g) CON: 12.7 ± 1.2 EX: 12.5 ± 1.5 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Lunch meal ad libitum 5-10 min post-exercise |  | Fat (g) CON: 23.4 ± 3.2 EX: 22.9 ± 3.7 ↔ | |||
CHO (g) CON: 60.2 ± 9.5 EX: 58.4 ± 11.6 ↔ | |||||
Nemet et al. 2010 [69] | n: 22 (7 m, 15 f) Age: 9.1 ± 0.6 y BMI: 23.9 ± 0.6 kg/m2 | Modality: Aerobic games Duration: 45 min Intensity: high EE: 9.6 kcal / kg Bodyweight (BW) | Pre-Intervention: Controlled diet 24h prior to experimental days | CON: 806 ± 51 (SE) EX: 935 ± 81 (SE) ↑ | NR |
Modality: Swimming Duration: 45 min Intensity: moderate EE: 7.6 kcal / kg BW | Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum 30–45 min post-exercise | CON: 806 ± 51 (SE) EX: 990 ± 106 (SE) ↑ | |||
Modality: Resistance Duration: 45 min Intensity: moderate EE: 6.3 kcal / kg BW | CON: 806 ± 51 (SE) EX: 779 ± 84 (SE) ↔ | ||||
n: 22 (5 m, 17 f) Age: 9.4 ± 0.3 y BMI: 17.0 ± 0.4 kg/m² | Modality: Aerobic games Duration: 45 min Intensity: high EE: 10.2 kcal / kg BW |  | CON: 604.7 ± 64.5 (SE) EX: 579.3 ± 34.1 (SE) ↔ | ||
Modality: Swimming Duration: 45 min Intensity: moderate EE: 8.1 kcal / kg BW | CON: 604.7 ± 64.5 (SE) EX: 484.9 ± 44.4 (SE) ↔ | ||||
Modality: Resistance Duration: 45 min Intensity: moderate EE: 6.9 kcal / kg BW | CON: 604.7 ± 64.5 (SE) EX: 435.9 ± 41.8 (SE) ↓ | ||||
Saunders et al. 2013 [70] | n: 20 (8 m, 12 f) Age: 12.2 ± 0.9 y BMI: 18.6 ± 4.3 kg/m² | Modality: Walking Duration: 2 min every 20 min (42 min total) Intensity: low EE: 744 ± 141 kcal (in 9h) | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 1176 ± 459 EX: 1218 ± 467 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: 10.68 ± 2.51 EX: 11.46 ± 3.32 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Standardized lunch; dinner buffet ad libitum 3h post-exercise | Fat (%) CON: 34.51 ± 7.3 EX: 33.3 ± 8,1 ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 54.81 ± 7.6 EX: 55.24 ± 9 ↔ | |||||
Modality: Walking + Treadmill Duration: 2 min every 20 min (42 min total) + 40 min treadmill Intensity: 20 min at 60% VO2max + 20 min at 30% VO2max EE: 970 ± 219 kcal (in 9h) |  | CON: 1176 ± 459 EX: 1265 ± 503 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: 10.68 ± 2.51 EX: 10.71 ± 3.13 ↔ | ||
Fat (%) CON: 34.51 ± 7.3 EX: 35.61 ± 9.38 ↔ | |||||
CHO (%) CON: 54.81 ± 7.6 EX: 53.7 ± 9.1 ↔ | |||||
Thivel, Isacco, Rousset et al. 2011 [71] | n: 12 (5 m, 7 f) Age: 14.4 ± 1.5 y BMI: 35.1 ± 7.6 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 30 min Intensity: 70% VO2max EE: 298 ± 28 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 2214 ± 222 EX: 1935 ± 220 ↓ | Protein (kcal) CON: 192 ± 33 EX: 206 ± 42 NR |
Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum 30 min post-exercise; dinner buffet ad libitum | Fat (kcal) CON: 327 ± 66 EX: 373 ± 64 NR | ||||
CHO (kcal) CON: 453 ± 120 EX: 367 ± 76 NR | |||||
Thivel, Isacco, Taillardat et al. 2011 [72] | n: 14 (7 m, 7 f) Age: 14.1 ± 1.8 y BMI: 33.9 ± 7.5 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 3 x 10 min (2 min rest in between) Intensity: 70% VO2max EE: 299 ± 29 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum 30 min post-exercise; dinner buffet ad libitum | CON: 1808 ± 301 EX: 1576 ± 394 ↓ | NR |
Thivel et al. 2012 [73] | n: 15 m Age: 13.5 ± 0.9 y BMI: 30.7 ± 4.1 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 59 ± 6 min Intensity: 40% VO2max EE: 336 ± 50 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Calibrated breakfast | CON: 3620 ± 694 EX: 3820 ± 584 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: 20.72 ± 4.69 EX: 19.5 ± 3.21 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum 30 min post-exercise; dinner buffet ad libitum; breakfast buffet ad libitum the next morning |  | Fat (%) CON: 20.72 ± 4.69 EX: 43.44 ± 9.58 ↔ | |||
CHO (%) CON: 34.22 ± 8.73 EX: 37.04 ± 10.36 ↔ | |||||
Modality: CyclingDuration: 30 ± 3 minIntensity: 75% VO2maxEE: 332 ± 47 kcal |  | CON: 3620 ± 694 EX: 3398 ± 694↓ | Protein (%) CON: 20.72 ± 4.69 EX: NR ↔ | ||
Fat (%) CON: 20.72 ± 4.69 EX: NR ↔ | |||||
CHO (%) CON: 34.22 ± 8.73 EX: NR ↔ | |||||
Thivel et al. 2013 [74] | n: 10 (4 m, 6 f) Age: 13.2 ± 0.9 y BMI: 33.28 ± 3.65 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 3 x 10 min (1.5 min break in between) Intensity: 75% VO2max EE: 243 ± 21 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 1787 ± 404 Bedrest: 1869 ± 294 EX: 1307 ± 304 ↓ | Protein (%) CON: 25.45 ± 3.93 EX: 29.75 ± 4.11 ↑ |
Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum 30 min post-exercise; dinner buffet ad libitum | Fat (%) CON: 14.22 ± 2.24 EX: 16.9 ± 2.34 ↑ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 60.32 ± 6.14 EX: 53.28 ± 6.44 ↓ | |||||
Thivel et al. 2014 [75] | n: 10 (4 m, 6 f) Age: 13.2 ± 0.9 y BMI: 33.28 ± 3.65 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 3 x 10 min (1.5 min break in between) Intensity: 75% VO2max EE: 243 ± 21 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 1787 ± 404 EX: 1306 ± 304 * ↓ | Protein (g) CON: 111.21 ± 26.25 EX: 96.18 ± 28.8 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum; dinner buffet ad libitum, timing not reported | Fat (g) CON: 24.84 ± 6.29 EX: 21.48 ± 7.31 ↔ | ||||
* study arm from Thivel et al. 2013 | CHO (g) CON: 276.8 ± 64.48 EX: 180.69 ± 37.19 ↓ | ||||
n: 9 (3 m, 6 f) Age: 13.3 ± 0.9 y BMI: 19.11 ± 2.13 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 3 x 10 min (1.5 min break in between) Intensity: 75% VO2max EE: NR | CON: 1226 ± 322 EX: 1238 ± 320 ↔ | Protein (g) CON: 86.05 ± 25.24 EX: 83.5 ± 25.33 ↔ | ||
Fat (g) CON: 20.06 ± 4.9 EX: 20.05 ± 5.84 ↔ | |||||
CHO (g) CON: 174.43 ± 49.04 EX: 180 ± 48.4 ↔ | |||||
Thivel et al. 2015 [76] | n: 14 m Age: 16.1 ± 0.3 y BMI: 25.8 ± 2.1 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 18 ± 3 min Intensity: 75% VO2max EE: 549 ± 3 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 2702 ± 344 EX: 3097 ± 405 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: 33.2 ± 3.7 EX: 29.3 ± 6.3 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum 30 min post-exercise; snack buffet ad libitum; dinner buffet ad libitum | Fat (%) CON: 13.5 ± 3.8 EX: 19.1 ± 7 ↑ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 52.6 ± 5.6 EX: 51.3 ± 10.5 ↔ | |||||
Modality: Rugby session Duration: 60 min Intensity: moderate-to-high EE: 549 ± 3 kcal |  | CON: 2702 ± 344 EX: 2942 ± 294 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: 33.2 ± 3.7 EX: 30.4 ± 4.6 ↔ | ||
Fat (%) CON: 13.5 ± 3.8 EX: 16.6 ± 4.2 ↔ | |||||
CHO (%) CON: 52.6 ± 5.6 EX: 51 ± 8.3 ↔ | |||||
Thivel et al. 2017 [77] | n: 14 (7 m, 7 f) Age: 14.2 ± 1 y BMI: 36.6 ± 5.0 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: until 25% energy expenditure of energy consumed during lunch on CON day Intensity: 65% VO2max EE: 254 ± 92 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 742 ± 297 EX: 971 ± 225 ↑ | Protein (%) CON: 17.3 ± 4.5 EX: 14.9 ± 3.2 ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum 90 min post-exercise; dinner buffet ad libitum | Fat (%) CON: 21.6 ± 7.8 EX: 36.6 ± 10.9 ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: 61.1 ± 10.1 EX: 48.3 ± 9.0 ↔ | |||||
Thivel et al. 2020 [78] | n: 14 (6 m, 8 f) Age: 12.8 ± 0.9 y BMI: 34.8 ± 5.7 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: 30 min Intensity: 65% VO2max EE: 177 ± 39 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 1769 ± 532 EX: 1678 ± 501 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: NR EX: NR ↔ |
Post-Intervention: Lunch buffet ad libitum 105 min post-exercise; dinner buffet ad libitum | Fat (%) CON: NR EX: NR ↔ | ||||
CHO (%) CON: NR EX: NR ↔ | |||||
Pre-Intervention: Standardized breakfast | CON: 1769 ± 532 EX: 1849 ± 486 ↔ | Protein (%) CON: NR EX: NR ↔ | |||
Post-Intervention: Snack to replace exercise induced energy deficit as after-load. | Fat (%) CON: NR EX: NR ↔ | ||||
Lunch buffet ad libitum 105 min post-exercise; dinner buffet ad libitum | CHO (%) CON: NR EX: NR ↔ | ||||
Varley-Campbell et al. 2017 [79] | n: 38 (20 m, 18 f) Age: 13.0 ± 0.3 y BMI: 16.8 ± 2.2 kg/m² | Modality: Cycling Duration: until 1 MJ expended. 31 to 56 min (44 ± 7 min) Intensity: moderate EE: 239 kcal | Pre-Intervention: Same breakfast on all experimental days, standardized snack in SK groups | CON: 1441 ± 113 (SE) CON + SK: 1367 ± 94 (SE) ↔ | NR |
|  | Post-Intervention: Lunch pizza meal ad libitum 65 min post- exercise | EX: 1496 ± 111 (SE) EX + SK: 1450 ± 103 (SE) ↔ SK = Snack (containing 239 kcal) |  |