Table 2 Characteristics of included publications. N = 247

Geography^a

 Europe

117

47.4%

 North America

81

32.8%

 Oceania

33

13.4%

 Asia

13

5.3%

 South America

4

1.6%

 Africa

3

1.2%

Income level

 High

229

92.7%

 Low- and middle-income countries

18

7.3%

Playground Setting^a

 ECEC

63

25.5%

 School

130

52.6%

 Public Open Space

54

21.9%

 Healthcare

3

1.2%

Age group^a

 0-2yrs (toddlers)

22

8.9%

 3-5yrs (early childhood)

107

43.3%

 6-12yrs (middle childhood)

169

68.4%

 13-17yrs (adolescents)

42

17.0%

Population^a

 Living with disabilities

11

4.5%

 General population

237

96.0%

Outcomes reported^a

 Physical activity

192

77.7%

 Motor skills

15

6.1%

 Weight status

12

4.9%

 Social health

54

21.9%

 Mental health

30

12.1%

Methods used^a

 Observation

114

46.2%

 Wearable device

96

38.9%

 Survey

60

24.3%

 Interview

58

23.5%

 Physical assessment

19

7.7%

 Camera

38

15.4%

 Other

9

3.6%

Stage of evidence

 Descriptive and exploratory studies (stage 1)

195

78.9%

 Feasibility and pilot studies (stage 2)

31

12.6%

 Efficacy and effectiveness studies (stage 3)

20

8.1%

 Repletion studies (stage 4)

1

0.4%

 Scale-up studies (stage 5)

0

0

 Monitoring studies (stage 6)

0

0