Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies (n = 16)
Study | Country | Population | N (% females) | What was delivered | Who delivered it | Fidelity assessed | No of sessions | Intervention duration | Control group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrett, 2019 | Australia | Insufficiently physically active adults recruited from ambulatory medical clinics | 72 (75%) | Physical activity coaching using integrated MI-CBT | Allied health clinician | Yes | 8 | 12 weeks | 30-min group education session |
Barrett, 2022 | Australia | Insufficiently active adults recruited from ambulatory medical clinics | 120 (68%) | Physical activity coaching using integrated MI-CBT | Physiotherapist | Yes | 5 | 12 weeks | 30-min group education session |
Brodin, 2015 | Sweden | Adults with rheumatic arthritis | 228 (73%) | Physical activity coaching intervention | Physiotherapist | No | 12 | 52 weeks | Ordinary physiotherapy treatment |
Broekhuizen, 2018 | European multisite * | Pregnant females | 435 (100%) | Lifestyle coaching | Lifestyle coaches | No | 5; 4 optional sessions | Tailored to the participants’ preference | Did not receive any of the lifestyle interventions. |
Buder, 2018 | USA | Females from minority cultural and ethnic groups | 483 (100%) | Wellness-coaching program using motivational interviewing and personalised goal setting | Wellness coaches | No | 12 | 4 weeks | In-person motivational interviewing wellness coaching 4, 8, and 12 months |
Crist, 2022 | USA | Adults 50 years and over | 476 (76%) | Multilevel physical activity intervention including health coaching | Volunteer peer health coaches | No | NS | 24 months | No intervention |
Goyder, 2014 | United Kingdom | Sedentary adults aged 40 to 64 years | 282 (54%) | Physical activity consultations provided in a motivational interviewing style | Research assistants | Yes | 2 | 8 weeks | Usual care |
Ismail, 2020 | United Kingdom | Adults aged 40 to 74 years with CVD risk | 1742 (15%) | Motivational interviewing with additional behaviour change techniques | Health trainers | Yes | 10 sessions | 52 weeks | Usual care |
Jacobs, 2010 | Belgium | Highly educated adults aged between 25–75 years. | 314 (33%) | Individual coaching based on Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Self-Determination Theory | Psychologist; assisted by undergraduate students in Sports and Nutrition | No | Determined by participant | Determined by participant | A preventive health consultation in general practice |
Khunti, 2021 | United Kingdom | Adults with risk of T2DM | 1366 (49%) | A 3-hour group education and behaviour change program. Telephone calls at 1 week and 6 months. A group-based refresher session every year for 3 years | Nurse, dietitian or non-registered professionals (e.g. health trainer) | No | 6 | 52 weeks | A 3-hour group education and behaviour change programme called Walking Away from Type 2 Diabetes. A group-based refresher session every year for 3 years |
Sangster, 2015 | Australia | People with cardiac disease | 313 (27%) | Physical activity telephone-coaching based on social cognitive theory | Rehabilitation nurse | No | 4 | 6 weeks | 4 behavioural coaching and goal-setting sessions on weight, nutrition, and physical activity via telephone, plus 2 booster calls |
Sevick, 2000 | USA | Adults aged 35 years to 60 years who are overweight and insufficiently active | 235 (NS) | Integrated behaviour modification and cognitive-behaviour modification techniques | Exercise psychologist, nutritionist and a health educator | No | 34 | 26 weeks | Structured exercise intervention that included supervised, centre-based exercise |
Sevick, 2007 | USA | Healthy but sedentary adults ages 18 to 65 | 239 (82%) | Physical activity counselling based on Stages of Motivational Readiness for Change Model and Social Cognitive Theory. | Health educator | No | 14 | 52 weeks | Education mail unrelated to physical activity |
Sorensen, 2022 | Denmark | Adults with rheumatoid arthritis | 150 (80%) | Individual motivational counselling sessions and weekly individualised text messages | Healthcare professional | No | 3 | 16 weeks | Participants were encouraged to maintain their usual lifestyle |
Turkstra, 2013 | Australia | Patients with a recent myocardial infarction | 430 (25%) | Telephone health coaching sessions | Health professional or health coach | No | 10 | 26 weeks | Received an existing written educational resource containing information about CVD and the associated risk factors |
vanKeulen, 2010 | Denmark | Adults aged 45 to 70 not meeting physical activity guidelines | 1629 (45%) | Telephone motivational interviewing | Bachelor’s and master’s students of Health Education and Health Promotion, Mental Health Sciences or Psychology | Yes | 4 | 43 weeks | Tailored print material |