Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios for perceiving buying less unhealthy foods due to the warning labels, International Food Policy Study, 2020 and 2021

2020

1.0

Ref.

1.0

Ref.

2021

0.83 (0.62, 1.12)

0.219

0.9 (0.78, 1.04)

0.143

Food group

Diet soda

1.0

Ref.

1.0

Ref.

Cola

1.33 (1.03, 1.72)

0.031

1.33 (1.19, 1.49)

< 0.001

Soda

1.27 (0.99, 1.62)

0.057

1.3 (1.17, 1.44)

< 0.001

Sweetened fruit drinks

0.53 (0.4, 0.71)

< 0.001

1.07 (0.95, 1.21)

0.237

Candy or chocolate bars

0.43 (0.32, 0.58)

< 0.001

0.67 (0.58, 0.77)

< 0.001

Snacks

0.3 (0.22, 0.4)

< 0.001

0.56 (0.49, 0.64)

< 0.001

Dessert

0.34 (0.26, 0.46)

< 0.001

0.64 (0.56, 0.73)

< 0.001

Sugary cereals

0.44 (0.32, 0.58)

< 0.001

0.94 (0.82, 1.07)

0.340

Age

0.86 (0.75, 0.98)

0.024

1.01 (1, 1.01)

0.024

Sex

Male

1.0

Ref.

1.0

Ref.

Female

1.27 (0.94, 1.72)

0.117

1.59 (1.37, 1.83)

< 0.001

Indigeneity

No

1.0

Ref.

1.0

Ref.

Yes

2.47 (1.61, 3.79)

< 0.001

3.15 (2.59, 3.82)

< 0.001

Income adequacy

Easy

1.0

Ref.

1.0

Ref.

Neither

1.32 (0.91, 1.91)

0.140

0.81 (0.66, 0.99)

0.041

Difficult

1.59 (1.08, 2.34)

0.017

0.87 (0.71, 1.07)

0.199

BMI category^‡

Underweight/Normal weight

1.0

Ref.

1.0

Ref.

Overweight

0.75 (0.52, 1.09)

0.130

1.35 (1.14, 1.6)

0.001

Obesity

0.6 (0.31, 1.17)

0.134

1.03 (0.83, 1.28)

0.780

Missing

1.08 (0.73, 1.6)

0.688

1.43 (1.14, 1.78)

0.002

Education level

High

1.0

Ref.

Medium

1.08 (0.88, 1.34)

0.453

Low

1.64 (1.37, 1.98)

< 0.001

Children in the household

No

1.0

Ref.

Yes

1.42 (1.23, 1.64)

< 0.001

Shopping role

Some or none

1.0

Ref.

Most

1.93 (1.64, 2.28)

< 0.001

Nutrition Knowledge

Not knowledgeable

1.0

Ref.

Somewhat know

2.09 (1.79, 2.45)

< 0.001

Knowledgeable

2.89 (2.29, 3.64)

< 0.001