Evaluation of a walking school bus program: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Adjusted regression results on active commuting to school, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, child self-efficacy, parent outcome expectation outcomes, and body mass index Z-score

Outcome measures	Adjusted treatment effect (vs. Control) β (95% CI)	P value
Percentage of days ACS	9.04 (1.10, 16.98)	0.03
Daily MVPA minutes	4.31 (0.70, 7.91)	0.02
Child Self-efficacy	0.13 (0.03, 0.23)	0.01
Parent Self-efficacy	0.09 (-0.03, 0.21)	0.13
Parent Outcome Expectations	0.01 (-0.06, 0.09)	0.70
BMI Z-score	0.02 (-0.06, 0.10)	0.62

Adjusted treatment effect is the coefficient corresponding to the treatment-by-time interaction term in the linear mixed effects regression model, which captures the differences between treatment arms in terms of mean across time changes in outcomes.
All regression models adjusted for child age, child birth sex, child race/ethnicity, distance between home and school, neighborhood disorder index, and baseline values of the outcome measures. All models also included child and school-specific random effects to account for within-child and within-school correlations.
MVPA models adjusted for accelerometer wear time.
ACS: active commuting to school; MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity; BMI: body mass index. Bold indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05.

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