Physical activity and social interaction assessments in schoolyard settings using the System for Observing Outdoor Play Environments in Neighborhood Schools (SOOPEN)

Table 4 Cross-sectional associations of schoolyard features and group characteristics with physical activity levels during recess

	Physical Activity Levels during Recess
	MVPA		Combined MVPA and walking
	PR (95% CI)	p-value	PR (95% CI)	p-value
Schoolyard Zone		< 0.001		< 0.001
Field or grass	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Paved surfaces	1.52 (1.04, 2.23)		1.10 (0.97, 1.25)
Play structure or swings	0.58 (0.35, 0.95)		0.71 (0.60, 0.83)
Covered Area		0.150		0.006
No cover	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Built cover	0.75 (0.51, 1.11)		0.80 (0.68, 0.95)
Tree cover	0.39 (0.10, 1.49)		0.55 (0.30, 0.98)
Portable Equipment Available		0.636		0.396
No	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Yes	0.92 (0.65, 1.30)		0.95 (0.85, 1.07)
Direct Supervision		0.036		0.828
No	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Yes	0.59 (0.36, 0.96)		0.98 (0.85, 1.14)
Group Gender		0.036		0.335
Mixed-gender group	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Male-only group	0.68 (0.48, 0.96)		1.03 (0.91, 1.18)
Female-only group	0.68 (0.48, 0.95)		0.95 (0.83, 1.08)

^aAll models were additionally adjusted for school as a fixed effect
Abbreviations: MVPA = Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, PR = prevalence ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval

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